The Charter Oath (五箇条の御誓文, Gokajō no Goseimon, more literally, the Oath in Five Articles) was promulgated on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace.[1][2] The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. This also set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move jobs so people went to the city for better work. It remained influential, though less for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji era and into the twentieth century, and it can be considered the first constitution of modern Japan.[3]
Rules
editAs the name implies, the text of the Oath consists of five clauses:
By this oath, we set up as our aim the establishment of the national wealth on a broad basis and the framing of a constitution and laws.
- Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.
- All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.
- The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.
- Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.
- Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.[4]
Origin and subsequent influence
editThe first draft of the Oath was written by junior councilor Yuri Kimimasa in January 1868, containing progressive language that spoke to the frustrations that the radical but modestly born Meiji leaders had experienced in "service to hereditary incompetents."[5] Yuri's language was moderated by his colleague Fukuoka Takachika in February to be "less alarming," and Kido Takayoshi prepared the final form of the Oath, employing "language broad enough to embrace both readings."[5] The Oath was read aloud by Sanjō Sanetomi in the main ceremonial hall of the Kyoto Imperial Palace in the presence of the Emperor and more than 400 officials. After the reading, the nobles and daimyōs present signed their names to a document praising the Oath, and swearing to do their utmost to uphold and implement it. Those not able to attend the formal reading afterwards visited the palace to sign their names, bringing the total number of signatures to 767.[6]
The purpose of the oath was both to issue a statement of policy to be followed by the post-Tokugawa shogunate government in the Meiji period, and to offer hope of inclusion in the next regime to pro-Tokugawa domains. This second motivation was especially important in the early stages of the Restoration as a means to keep domains from joining the Tokugawa remnant in the Boshin War. Later, military victory "made it safe to begin to push court nobles and daimyō figureheads out of the way".[attribution needed][7]
The promise of reform in the document initially went unfulfilled: in particular, a parliament with real power was not established until 1890, and the Meiji oligarchy from Satsuma, Chōshū, Tosa and Hizen retained political and military control well into the 20th century. In general, the Oath was purposely phrased in broad terms to minimize resistance from the daimyōs and to provide "a promise of gradualism and equity":[attribution needed][8]
"Deliberative councils" and "public discourse" were, after all, terms that had been applied to cooperation between lords of great domains. That "all classes" were to unite indicated that there would continue to be classes. Even "commoners" were to be treated decently by "civil and military" officers, the privileged ranks of the recent past. No one was likely to be in favor of the retention of "evil customs"; a rather Confucian "Nature" would indicate the path to be chosen. Only in the promise to "seek knowledge throughout the world" was there a specific indication of change; but here, too, late Tokugawa activists had deplored the irrationality of Japan's two-headed government as the only one in the world. Moreover the search would be selective and purposeful, designed to "strengthen the foundations of imperial rule".[9]
The Oath was reiterated as the first article of the constitution promulgated in June 1868, and the subsequent articles of that constitution expand the policies outlined in the Oath.[10] Almost eighty years later, in the wake of the Second World War, Emperor Shōwa paid homage to the Oath and reaffirmed it as the basis of "national polity" in his Imperial Rescript on National Revitalization.[11] The ostensible purpose of the rescript was to appease the American occupiers with a renunciation of imperial divinity, but the emperor himself saw it as a statement of the existence of democracy during the Meiji era.[12]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Keene, p. 137. Other translations are seen in the literature, such as Five-Article Oath or Charter Oath in Five Articles.
- ^ http://www.meijijingu.or.jp/about/3-3.html Archived 2010-01-25 at the Wayback Machine 慶応４年(明治元年)３月１４日、明治天皇は京都御所紫宸殿に公卿・諸侯以下百官を集め、維新の基本方針を天地の神々にお誓いになりました。The Charter Oath was promulgated on the fourteenth day of the third month by the old calendar, equivalent to April 6.
- ^ Keene, p. 340, notes that one might "describe the Oath in Five Articles as a constitution for all ages. Japan was modernized due to the Charter Oath."
- ^ McLaren, p. 8, quoted in De Bary et al., p. 672.
- ^ a b Jansen (2002), p. 338.
- ^ Keene, Meiji and His World, page 140
- ^ Jansen (2002), 342.
- ^ Jansen (2002), p. 339
- ^ Jansen (2002), p. 339.
- ^ De Bary et al., pp. 672–673.
- ^ De Bary et al., p. 1029. Jansen (2002), p. 339.
- ^ Dower, 1999, pp. 314, 317.
References
edit- De Bary, William; Tiedemann, Arthur, eds. (2005) [1958]. Sources of Japanese Tradition. Vol. II: 1600 to 2000 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia. ISBN 0-231-12984-X.
- Dower, John W. (2000). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04686-9.
- Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67400334-7; OCLC 44090600
- Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
- McLaren, W. W. (1979). Japanese Government Documents. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America. ISBN 0-313-26912-2.
Further reading
edit- Akamatsu, Paul (1972). Meiji 1868: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Japan (in Japanese). Miriam Kochan (trans.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-010044-3.
- Akita, George (1967). Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan 1868-1900. Cambridge: Harvard. ISBN 0-674-31250-3.
- Beasley, William G. (1995). The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23373-6.
- Breen, John, "The Imperial Oath of April 1868: ritual, power and politics in Restoration Japan," Monumenta Nipponica, 51, 4 (1996)
- Jansen, Marius B.; Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton. ISBN 0-691-10245-7.
- Murphey, Rhoades (1997). East Asia: A New History. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-321-42141-8.