Chelonibia testudinaria is a species of barnacle in the family Chelonibiidae. It is native to the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Mexico where it lives as a symbiont on sea turtles, being particularly abundant on the loggerhead sea turtle.[2]
| Chelonibia testudinaria | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Thecostraca |
| Subclass: | Cirripedia |
| Order: | Balanomorpha |
| Family: | Chelonibiidae |
| Genus: | Chelonibia |
| Species: | C. testudinaria
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| Binomial name | |
| Chelonibia testudinaria | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Taxonomy
editHistorically, the genus Chelonibia contained C. testudinaria, found growing only on sea turtles, and C. patula, a generalist found growing on a range of living hosts including decapods, gastropods, mantis shrimps and sea snakes, but very rarely on sea turtles. It was puzzling why a barnacle that was adaptable to such a broad range of hosts, should avoid the sea turtle. The two are distinguished morphologically as well as by host, and were thought to be different species. However, examination of the genetic differences between the pair showed that they are in fact con-specific.[2]
Description
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C. patula has a conical shaped shell with smooth plates, with long cirri IV, V and VI. Dwarf males often settle on the plates and are distributed randomly. In contrast, C. testudinaria has a flatter, less conical shape, the cirri IV, V and VI are short, and there are shallow oval depressions on the radii at the junctions of the plates. Dwarf males commonly settle in these depressions.[2]
Size, Growth and Age
editThe growth rate of C. testudinaria follows a non-linear growth pattern where rate of increase in length slows with age.[3] Applying a von Bertalanffy growth model to the population suggests that the maximum achievable size of C. testudinaria on loggerhead turtles in the wild is approximately 70 mm (2.8 in) in rostro-carinal length.[3] The largest individuals reported to date indicate that this species can live for at least 21 months.[3] However, mortality is (at least partially) controlled by the scute sloughing frequency of host turtles, meaning that barnacles living on hosts which shed less frequently, or not at all, may live longer.
Ecology
editChelonibia testudinaria are found to attach themselves to shells/objects of the larger organisms from each region of the host's body. C. testudinaria preferentially behaviorally select green turtles as hosts compared to Chelonibia caretta, which select Hawksbill sea turtles as hosts.[4] On a turtle's shell, the greatest water flow is over the front central portion. It has been shown that C. testudinaria can relocate on the turtle's shell,[5] usually towards the optimal position with maximum water flow and thus the greatest filter feeding opportunities. The movement is around 1.4 mm (0.06 in) or less per day and is probably achieved by advancing the shell forward with each increment of growth. Over several months, several scutes can be crossed by these means.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Southward, Alan (2016). "Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
- ^ a b c Cheang, Chi Chiu; Tsang, Ling Ming; Chu, Ka Hou; Cheng, I.-Jiunn; Chan, Benny K. K.; Laudet, Vincent (2013). "Host-specific phenotypic plasticity of the turtle barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria: a widespread generalist rather than a specialist". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57592. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857592C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057592. PMC 3585910. PMID 23469208.
- ^ a b c Doell, Sophie A.; Connolly, Rod M.; Limpus, Colin J.; Pearson, Ryan M.; van de Merwe, Jason P. (2017). "Using growth rates to estimate age of the sea turtle barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria". Marine Biology. 164 (12): 222. doi:10.1007/s00227-017-3251-5. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 31961046.
- ^ Boyd, Liberty L.; Zardus, John D.; Knauer, Courtney M.; Wood, Lawrence D. (2021). "Evidence for Host Selectivity and Specialization by Epizoic Chelonibia Barnacles Between Hawksbill and Green Sea Turtles". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9: 968. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.807237. ISSN 2296-701X.
- ^ Chan, Benny K.K.; Wong, Yue H.; Robinson, Nathan J.; Lin Jr-C.; Yu, S.-P.; Dreyer, Niklas; Cheng, I-J.; Høeg, Jens T.; Zardus, John D. (2021). "Five hundred million years to mobility: directed locomotion and its ecological function in a turtle barnacle". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 288 (1960): 20211620. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1620. PMC 8493200. PMID 34610769.
- ^ Moriarty, Julia E.; Sachs, Jerome A.; Jones, Kirstin (2004). "Directional Locomotion in a Turtle Barnacle, Chelonibia testudinaria, on Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas". Marine Turtle Newsletter. 119: 1–4.