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Cherokee Apartments

The Cherokee Apartments (formerly the East River Homes and the Shively Sanitary Tenements) is a four-building apartment complex on 507–523 East 77th Street and 508–522 East 78th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Constructed in 1912 as a residence for people with tuberculosis and their families, the buildings were designed by Henry Atterbury Smith. They incorporated architectural features such as floor-to-ceiling windows, balconies, and interior courtyards that were designed to aid ailing residents. The buildings have terra cotta and brick facades with green tile roofs. Each building has a central courtyard connected to the street by vaulted passages lined with Guastavino tile.

The Cherokee Apartments as seen from 78th Street and Cherokee Place

The complex was converted into regular rental apartments in 1924, and later became a co-op. It became a New York City designated landmark in 1985, and the buildings are also contributing properties to a National Register of Historic Places district.

Description

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The complex comprises four buildings in the block bounded by York Avenue on the west, East 78th Street on the north, Cherokee Place on the east, and East 77th Street on the south.[1] Each building is six stories high.[2] The buildings were all designed by Henry Atterbury Smith,[3] who had promoted an "open stair" plan for more healthful apartment buildings.[4] Smith wished to give residents as much exposure to the outdoors as possible.[5] As such, the architectural features include triple-hung floor-to-ceiling windows, French balconies, winding open stairwells, and interior courtyards – designed to provide an airy and healthful environment for sick residents.[1][6]

Form and facade

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The complex comprises four buildings: 508–514 East 78th Street to the northwest, 516–522 East 78th Street to the northeast, 517–523 East 77th Street to the southeast, and 507–515 East 77th Street to the southwest. A driveway runs west–east between the northern and southern buildings.[7] There are also recesses separating the eastern and western buildings on either street, which contain driveways that slope down to the basement.[2] The two eastern buildings face Cherokee Place, while the two western buildings face a neighboring school's playground, separated from it by a one-story-high retaining wall.[7] The buildings contain nearly identical facades and are each six stories tall.[8] Each building's entrance connects to a vaulted passage with Guastavino tile ceilings and glazed brick walls, which in turn leads to a courtyard in the middle of each building.[9]

The first stories of each building are faced with terra cotta, which is laid in a manner resembling rustication. There is an areaway in front of each building along 77th and 78th Streets, with windows in the basement. The center of each building's north or south facade contains a large rectangular entrance, which leads to that building's vaulted passageway; the entrances are flanked by bronze lamps. The entryways on 77th Street are surrounded by pineapple motifs, while those on 78th Street are plain in design. A cornice above each entrance is supported by a pair of elaborate console brackets at either corner and a keystone at the center. The rest of the ground-floor facade contains either triple-paned windows with balconies or smaller double-paned windows without balconies. A frieze, with egg-and-dart moldings and double-ball motifs, separates the first story from the others.[8] The two easternmost buildings have facades along Cherokee Place, but there are no doors or areaways at ground level.[10]

The upper stories use brick and are divided vertically into numerous bays, most of which have balconies.[a] Each balcony contains a metal railing, Guastavino tiles on its underside, and curved metal brackets below. Some of the bays do not have balconies and instead contain smaller windows with keystones.[10] Above the fifth floor, within the bays that do not contain balconies, a pair of horizontal brick bands and a set of green rhombus-shaped terracotta motifs runs across the facade. The sixth story of each building is topped by a green-tiled roof, supported by pairs of one-story-high metal brackets.[10] The buildings on 77th Street, and those on 78th Street, are connected to each other by a plain brick wall with sash windows and small balconies and are topped by a tall, narrow parapet.[11]

Features

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Passageway to one of the Cherokee Apartments' courtyards

The internal courtyard of each building measured 30 or 31 feet (9.1 or 9.4 m) square. All tenants had to enter their buildings from these structures' courtyards.[12] The courtyards have tan-brick facades with small balconies and decorative rectangular wall panels, similar to those on the exterior facades.[9] Each building had four exterior staircases, one at each corner of its central courtyard, which led to the roof.[13][5][14] Each stair had a wire glass canopy to protect residents from the elements; white-tiled walls, which were seen as both reflective and sanitary; safety treads on each step; and a pair of handrails for both adults and children.[5] There were also glass roofs above the top of each staircase,[3][5] which were removed in the 1940s.[9] Architectural historian Christopher Gray said the roofs "looked as though a Bauhaus engineer had squared up one of Hector Guimard’s Art Nouveau subway entrances in Paris."[3] Benches were placed at each landing,[14] and four apartments opened off each stairway at each level.[5] This reduced the need for interior corridors and, thus, the spread of germs.[5][15] There were no elevators, presumably as a cost-cutting measure.[16]

The complex was originally planned with up to 375 units of between two and five rooms each.[13][17] As built, there were 383[15] or 384 apartments across the complex,[18] the majority of which were two rooms. Each apartment included its own bathroom and was supplied with electricity, heat, and hot water.[15] Balconies were also installed outside each of the apartments, and tenants were allowed to sleep on the balconies.[12][13] A contemporary New York Times article wrote, "In hot weather, a bed or two may be placed outside there."[19]

The roofs were open for recreational access.[12][15] The original plans for the apartment buildings' roofs called for a glass windbreak on the north side of each roof; a tiled floor surface bathrooms for women, men, and children; and shrubs and steamer chairs.[12] The roof was intended to house an open-air school for children with tuberculosis.[20]

History

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Development and tuberculosis home

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In February 1909, Anne Harriman Vanderbilt announced that she would donate $1 million (equivalent to $34 million in 2023[21]) to build a set of four model tenements for people living with tuberculosis and their families.[12][17][22] The idea for the model tenements was conceived by Henry Shively, head of the tuberculosis clinic at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, and visiting physician to the St Joseph's Hospital for Consumptives, in a period when tuberculosis was a major public-health issue in New York City.[23][24] Shively argued that architecture could play a role in the treatment of disease by providing a sanitary environment.[25] Mrs. Vanderbilt also contributed $81,000 (equivalent to $3 million in 2023[21]) to buy the site on 77th and 78th Streets,[25] which was ten blocks from the Presbyterian Hospital's tuberculosis treatment ward.[22] Anne's husband William Kissam Vanderbilt hired Henry Atterbury Smith to design the tenements, and Smith submitted plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in November 1909.[26][27]

The complex was dedicated on January 5, 1912, with Ms. Vanderbilt on hand for inspection.[15][28] The complex, originally known as the Shively Sanitary Tenements[1] or the East River Homes,[14] served as a residence for people with tuberculosis and their families.[1][14] The buildings formally opened to tenants on January 15.[14] Rent for single rooms ranged from $1.25 to $2 a week (equivalent to $39 to $63 in 2023[21]), while rent for multi-room units started at $2.50 per week (equivalent to $79 in 2023[21]).[28] Almost a third of the apartments were rented to people with tuberculosis upon opening.[9] A section of the complex, consisting of 24 south-facing apartments,[29][30] was designated as a "Home Hospital" for virulent cases to be treated, as an alternative to confinement at a sanatorium.[9][20][30] The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor found, after two years, that the vast majority of these apartments' residents had either recovered from tuberculosis or had improved to some degree.[31][32]

 
A 1912 image of the apartments

The apartments were overseen by a trust, with part of the rental income dedicated to the treatment of tuberculosis victims.[25] William K. Vanderbilt originally owned the buildings before transferring the buildings to the trustees in October 1913.[33] A 1915 census indicated that most apartments were occupied by two or three residents. The tenants included brakemen, chauffeurs, cigar packers, electricians, pharmacists, and telephone operators.[16]

Later years

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The trust that operated the buildings was dissolved in 1923.[34] The Presbyterian Hospital sold the buildings to the City and Suburban Homes Company in October 1924, twelve years after the tenements were dedicated, and the structures became regular apartments.[34]

For its architectural and historical significance, it was designated a New York City landmark in 1985.[35][36] Paul Goldberger of the Times wrote that the Cherokee Apartments and the nearby City and Suburban Homes stood "as perhaps our greatest legacy from a critical moment in both the architectural and social history of the city."[37] The buildings are also contributing properties to the City and Suburban Homes Company's York Avenue Estate and Shively Sanitary Tenements Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district established in 1994.[38]

The Cherokee Apartments had become co-ops by the 2000s,[39] and local firm Merritt Engineering Consultants had refurbished the facade by the early 21st century.[40] The complex's windows were replaced in the early 2010s.[3] Christopher Gray wrote in The New York Times in 2014 that "it is possible to pay around a half-million dollars for a fifth-floor walk-up" in the former Shively Sanitary Tenements.[41]

Reception

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When the apartments were completed, a contemporary article from The New York Times compared them favorably to other tenements in the city.[15] The Construction News magazine described the Shively tenements as "airy, large, comfortable, [and] architecturally beautiful."[42] The Lancet-Clinic wrote in 1914: "The success of this experiment ... should stimulate the community to forbid the maintenance of unsanitary buildings, as well as to construct those of the same high standard as the East River Homes and there to treat persons having tuberculosis without the necessity of breaking up homes or depriving those who are able to work of the opportunity to do so..."[43]

Gray wrote for The New York Times in 1988 that the neighboring City and Suburban Homes "a good bit less ornate than the Cherokee Apartments."[44] Another writer for The New York Times said in 2017 that the apartments were "at once functional and beautiful, and were medically cutting-edge at the time they were built, with a focus on creating healthful and sanitary living conditions."[1]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ In the easternmost buildings, the bays are arranged in a 3-1-5-1-3 pattern on 77th or 78th Street (where the single bays have no balconies), and in a 2-5-2 pattern on Cherokee Place (where all bays have balconies). In the westernmost buildings, the bays are arranged in a 4-1-5-1-3 pattern on 77th or 78th Street, as counted from west to east, where the single bays have no balconies.[10]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e Koenig, Ronnie (May 12, 2017). "Homes Built for Healing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Kurshan 1985, pp. 6–8.
  3. ^ a b c d Gray, Christopher (January 30, 2014). "When the Prescription Is Fresh Air". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  4. ^ Kurshan 1985, p. 4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kurshan 1985, p. 5.
  6. ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-19-538386-7.
  7. ^ a b Kurshan 1985, p. 6.
  8. ^ a b Kurshan 1985, pp. 6–7.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kurshan 1985, p. 8.
  10. ^ a b c d Kurshan 1985, p. 7.
  11. ^ Kurshan 1985, pp. 7–8.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Vanderbilt Million to Aid Consumptives; Mrs. William K. to Build Model Tenements for Them in Avenue A". The New York Times. February 25, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c "Health Giving Tenements". The Sun. March 7, 1909. p. 24. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d e "East River Homes Opened: Applicants Swarm to "Apartment" for Tuberculosis". New-York Tribune. January 16, 1912. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574865042.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Vanderbilt Homes Open To Tenants". The New York Times. January 6, 1912. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Gray, Christopher (June 4, 2000). "Streetscapes/Readers' Questions; Building's Name, Gallery's Photo, Complex's Origin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Model Tenements for Tuberculosis Patients". The Buffalo News. February 25, 1909. p. 12. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  18. ^ Smith, Henry Atterbury (July 1, 1911). "Open-stair Apartments: a New Development in City Architecture". The Craftsman. Vol. 20, no. 4. p. 364. ProQuest 128274775.
  19. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (September 26, 2004). "The Priciest Room You'll Never Use". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  20. ^ a b "Health Officer: Centres of Tuberculosis Infection in Home Districts Will be Attacked--Hospital for the Family". The Lancet - Clinic. Vol. 111, no. 10. March 7, 1914. p. 292. ProQuest 88928784.
  21. ^ a b c d 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  22. ^ a b "Four Tenements for Poor Consumptives: Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt to Give a Million Houses to Be Under Supervision of Tuberculosis". New-York Tribune. February 25, 1909. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 572141197.
  23. ^ Kurshan 1985, pp. 1–2.
  24. ^ Shively, Henry L. (July 1, 1909). "Sanitary tenements for tuberculous families". British Journal of Tuberculosis. 3 (3): 193–196. doi:10.1016/S0366-0850(09)80047-1. ISSN 0366-0850.
  25. ^ a b c Kurshan 1985, p. 3.
  26. ^ "Vanderbilt Tenements". The New York Times. November 5, 1909. p. 16. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  27. ^ "Vanderbilt Plans Filed". New-York Tribune. November 4, 1909. p. 5. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Apartments for Tubercular Are Completed in New York: Model Rooms and Suites to Be Rented to Those White Plague Threatens at From $1.25 to $2.50 a Week--a Vanderbilt Plan". Detroit Free Press. January 6, 1912. p. 1. ProQuest 565034502.
  29. ^ Kingsburry, John A. (April 28, 1912). "A Home Hospital for Tuberculosis: an Experiment in Treatment and an Attempt to Stop Infection Within the Family". The Sun. p. B5. ProQuest 535255691.
  30. ^ a b "Home Hospital Will Treat Consumptives: A. I. C. P. Will Attack Centres of Tuberculosis Infection in Tenement District". New-York Tribune. March 21, 1912. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574893249.
  31. ^ "Fight White Plague in East Side Homes; Experiments in Vanderbilt Tenement Encourage Association for Improving the Poor". The New York Times. February 9, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  32. ^ "A Home Hospital Tuberculosis Experiment". The Austin Statesman. February 15, 1914. p. 4. ProQuest 1643838682.
  33. ^ "The Real Estate Field; Buyers for Uptown Apartments -- Chesterfield Realty Company Formed -- Vanderbilt Model Tenements Transferred to Trustees -- Bronx and Suburban Sales". The New York Times. October 17, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  34. ^ a b Kurshan 1985, p. 9.
  35. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 11, 1985). "New York Stock Exchange Among 6 Buildings Gaining Landmark Status". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  36. ^ Kurshan 1985, p. 1.
  37. ^ Goldberger, Paul (October 2, 1988). "Architecture View; What Does It Take To Make a Landmark?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  38. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: City and Suburban Homes Company's York Avenue Estate and Shively Sanitary Tenements Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved August 29, 2023. With accompanying pictures
  39. ^ Gray, Christopher (June 4, 2000). "Streetscapes/Readers' Questions; Building's Name, Gallery's Photo, Complex's Origin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  40. ^ Zimmerman, Eilene (June 3, 2013). "Crain's 2013 Top Entrepreneurs: Merritt Engineering, a Veteran Engineer Keeps Historic Buildings in Top Shape". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 29, no. 22. p. 16. ProQuest 1365208978.
  41. ^ Gray, Christopher (August 1, 2014). "A Helping Hand in Brick and Mortar". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  42. ^ "Failure of Model Tenements of New York: What Henry Atterbury Smith Thinks Upon This Subject". The Construction News. Vol. 34, no. 26. December 28, 1912. p. 15. ProQuest 128411113.
  43. ^ "Health Officer: Centres of Tuberculosis Infection in Home Districts Will be Attacked--Hospital for the Family". The Lancet - Clinic. Vol. 111, no. 10. March 7, 1914. p. 292. ProQuest 88928784.
  44. ^ Goldberger, Paul (October 2, 1988). "What Does It Take To Make a Landmark?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2023.

Sources

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Further reading

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