Kiga (also called Rukiga, Ruchiga, or Chiga) is a Great Lakes Bantu language of the Kiga people (Bakiga). Kiga is a similar and partially mutually intelligible with the Nkore language. It was first written in the second half of the 19th century. Kiga is largely spoken in the ancient Kigezi region which includes about 5 districts, namely Rubanda, Rukiga, Kabale, Kanungu and some parts of Rukungiri. As of 2021, Kiga is spoken natively by about 1.3 million people in Uganda.
| Kiga | |
|---|---|
| Chiga | |
| Orukiga | |
| Native to | Uganda, Rwanda |
| Ethnicity | Bakiga, Twa |
Native speakers | 1.6 million (2002 census)[1] |
Standard forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cgg |
| Glottolog | chig1238 |
JE.14[2] | |
Kiga is so similar to Nkore (84%–94% lexical similarity[3]) that some argue they are dialects of the same language, called Nkore-Kiga by Charles Taylor.[4]
Phonology
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | o | |
| Open | a | ||
- Sounds /i, u/ can also range to [ɪ, ʊ] when short or lax.
- /a/ can range from a central [ä] to a back [ɑ] sound.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
- /r/ can also be heard as a glide [ɹ] in free variation.
- /b/ can be heard as [ʋ] in intervocalic positions.[5]
Orthography
edit- a - [a]
- b - [b]
- ch/c - [t͡ʃ]
- d - [d]
- e - [ɛ]
- f - [f]
- g - [g/gʲ]
- h - [h]
- i - [i]
- j - [d͡ʒ]
- k - [k/kʲ]
- m - [m]
- n - [n]
- ny - [ɲ]
- o - [ɔ]
- p - [p]
- r - [r]
- s - [s]
- t - [t]
- ts - [t͡s]
- u - [u]
- v - [v]
- w - [w]
- y - [j]
- z - [z]
D and P are only used in foreign names and loanwords.
G and K are palatalised before I.
- ai - [ai̯]
- ei - [ɛi̯]
- gy - [ɟ]
- ky - [c]
- mp - [ᵐp]
- mw - [ᵐw]
- nd - [ⁿd]
- ng - [ŋ]
- oi - [ɔi̯]
- sh - [ʃ][6]
Grammar
editIn common with other Bantu languages, Kiga has a noun class system in which prefixes on nouns mark membership of one of the noun genders. Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs reflect the noun gender of the nominal they refer to. Some examples of noun classes:
- mu – person (singular), e.g. omukiga = inhabitant of Kigezi land
- ru – language, e.g. Rukiga = language of the Kiga
- ba – people, e.g. Bakiga = The Kiga people
- ki – customs or traditions, e.g. kikiga, (sometimes spelled Kichiga), describes religious tradition common to the Kiga people. Sometimes the people are called 'Chiga' by people misunderstanding the linguistic rules in relation to the prefixes.
The sound [l] is not distinctive in Rukiga. The letter "r" is used instead.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kiga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Lewis, Paul M., ed. (2009). "Ethnologue Report for Language Code: nyn". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
- ^ Poletto, Robert E. (1998). Topics in Runyankore Phonology (PDF). Linguistics Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved Dec 8, 2009.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[permanent dead link] - ^ Taylor, Charles (1985). Nkore-Kiga. London: Croom Helm.
- ^ "Kiga language". Omniglot. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
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