The Chilean elaenia (Elaenia chilensis) is a species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.[1][2]
| Chilean elaenia | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Elaenia |
| Species: | E. chilensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Elaenia chilensis Hellmayr, 1927
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Taxonomy and systematics
editThe International Ornithological Committee (IOC) treats the Chilean elaenia as a monotypic species.[1] The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC), the Clements taxonomy, and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) consider it a subspecies of the white-crested elaenia (E. albiceps). The SACC is seeking a proposal to recognize it as a species.[3][4][5]
Description
editThe Chilean elaenia is 13.5 to 15 cm (5.3 to 5.9 in) long. It is a small to medium size elaenia with a small bushy crest. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a mostly dark olive to olive-gray head with a partially hidden white stripe in the middle of the crest. They have white lores and a bold white eyering. Their upperparts are dark olive to olive-gray. Their wings are dusky with white or whitish tips on the coverts that show as two wing bars. Their flight feathers have narrow whitish or yellowish edges with dusky bases on the inner pairs. Their tail is dusky with narrow olive edges to the feathers. Their throat is whitish gray, their breast very light gray, and their belly and undertail coverts whitish.[2][6][7][8][9][excessive citations]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Chilean elaenia breeds from southern Bolivia south through Chile and southern Argentina into Tierra del Fuego. Its distribution in the austral winter is not fully understood but it appears to leave almost all if its breeding range and move east across Argentina to the Atlantic, north through Peru east of the Andes and just into far southeastern Colombia, and northeast through northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and much of Brazil as far as Bahia and Pará.[2][6][7][8][9][excessive citations] One showed up as a vagrant in southern Texas in 2008.[10]
In the far south the Chilean elaenia inhabits Nothofagus and Araucaria woodlands and scrublands. Further north in its breeding range and in its wintering range it inhabits the edges of forest, the interior of more open woodlands and secondary forest, and scrublands.[2][6][7][8][9][excessive citations]
Behavior
editFeeding
editThe Chilean elaenia's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and fruit. It typically forages singly. It captures prey and plucks fruit by gleaning while perched and while briefly hovering.[2]
Breeding
editThe few known nests of the Chilean elaenia were a small cup made from plant fibers, leaves, lichens, moss, and small twigs and lined with feathers or plant down. They were typically place in a branch fork in a tree or shrub. One was in a cavity, the only known such placement for a member of genus Elaenia. The clutch is two or three eggs that are creamy white with sparse red spots. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[2]
Vocalization
editThe Chilean elaenia's dawn song is "a short, slightly raspy two- or three-note phrase". Its call in its breeding range and perhaps beyond is "feeeo or feeo-feeo" that may be repeated for a long time.[2] Other calls are "a pure, descending weer, a burry, sneezing whi'bur, and a burry, rising chjuree?".[7]
Status
editThe IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has not assessed the Chilean elaenia separately from the white-crested elaenia.[11] "A species that occupies forest edge and second-growth, it is likely that this species is relatively tolerant of habitat disturbance. That said, at least a portion of the population winters in northeastern Brazil, a region that has undergone widespread habitat loss due to conversion of natural habitats to agriculture."[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schulenberg, T. S. (2020). White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whcela1.01 retrieved September 27, 2024
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
- ^ Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 28, 2023
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8.1. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved August 26, 2024
- ^ a b c de la Peña, Martín R.; Rumboll, Maurice (2001). Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 70, map 70.15. ISBN 0691090351.
- ^ a b c d Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0691130231.
- ^ a b c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ a b c McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ Reid, M., and D. Jones. 2009. First North American record of White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps chilensis) at South Padre Island, Texas. North American Birds 63: 10-14.
- ^ BirdLife International (2019). "White-crested Elaenia Elaenia albiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22699271A155514417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699271A155514417.en. Retrieved 27 September 2024.