The Chilean mussel[1][2] or Chilean blue mussel,[1][3] Mytilus chilensis, is a species of blue mussel native to the coasts of Chile from Biobío Region (37 ºS) to Cape Horn (55 ºS). Genomic evidence has confirmed that the native Chilean blue mussel is genetically distinct from the Northern Hemisphere M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus[4] and also genetically different from Mytilus platensis,[5] the other species of smooth shelled mussel from South America.
| Chilean mussel | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Mytilida |
| Family: | Mytilidae |
| Genus: | Mytilus |
| Species: | M. chilensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Right and left valve of the same specimen:
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Right valve -
Left valve
Aquaculture
editM. chilensis is under intensive aquaculture in Chile. From 2004 to 2008 the annual commercial harvest increased from 80,000 to 200,000 tonnes.[6] Following a decrease in 2009, the production was back at high level in 2010.[7] Over 45,000 tonnes of mussels were exported from Chile in 2008, 93% of them frozen. Some 74% of exports are to the EU, primarily Spain and France, and 15% to the United States.[6]
Systematics
editAlcide d'Orbigny first described the species Mytilus platensis d'Orbigny, 1842,.[8] Species that was for many year erroneously confused with Mytilus chilensis described by Hipolito Hupé in 1854.[9] Nowadays most biodiversity databases, such as the World Register of Marine Species[1] or the Integrated Taxonomic Information System[10] recognise Mytilus chilensis as a valid taxon in the Mytilus genus and different from Mytilus platensis. Mytilus chilensis is part of the worldwide Mytilus edulis complex of mussels, or blue mussels. Modern genetic studies based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have demonstrated that the Chilean mussel is genetically different of both the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the North Atlantic Mytilus edulis. Evidence collected until 2021 recognized several blue mussel species in South America, including native M. platensis, introduced M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean, and possibly-introduced M. planulatus.[11][12] Using nuclear DNA markers, Borsa et al. (2012) confirmed earlier results from allozymes[13] that most populations in the south of the South American continent indeed represent a native Southern Hemisphere lineage of the blue mussel, for which they suggested to use the subspecies name Mytilus edulis platensis[11] (now M. platensis). The same authors questioned the earlier identifications of the Montevideo mussel in Southern Chile as "M. galloprovincialis"[3] because the genetic markers then used could not help distinguishing M. galloprovincialis from any of the two native blue mussel species from the Southern Hemisphere,[11] now referred to as M. planulatus and M. platensis. Moreover, M. platensis populations in southern Chile show slight introgression from M. planulatus.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
- ^ Mytilus chilensis (Hupé, 1854) Sealifebase.org
- ^ a b Toro, J.E.; Ojeda, J. A.; Vergara, A. M.; Castro, G. C.; Alcapan, A. C. (December 1, 2005). "Molecular characterization of the Chilean blue mussel (Mytilus chilensis Hupe 1854) demonstrates evidence for the occurrence of Mytilus galloprovincialis in southern Chile". Journal of Shellfish Research. 24 (4): 1117–1121. doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[1117:MCOTCB]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10533/175975. S2CID 86038602. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
- ^ Larraín, M. A.; Zbawicka, M.; Araneda, C.; Gardner J. P. A.; Wenne, R. (2018). "Native and invasive taxa on the Pacific coast of South America: Impacts on aquaculture, traceability and biodiversity of blue mussels (Mytilus spp.)". Evolutionary Applications. 11 (3): 298–311. doi:10.1111/eva.12553.
- ^ Zbawicka, M.; Trucco, M. I.; Wenne, R. (2018). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in native South American Atlantic coast populations of smooth shelled mussels: hybridization with invasive European Mytilus galloprovincialis". Genetics Selection Evolution. 50 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1186/s12711-018-0376-z. PMC 5824471. PMID 29471805.
- ^ a b Ríos, J. L. (2010):Mussels - May 2010, Chile Globefish.org.
- ^ Bivalves, February 2011 Globefish.org
- ^ d'Orbigny, A. (1836), Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale (le Brésil, la république orientale de l'Uruguay, la république Argentine, la Patagonie, la république du Chili, la république de Bolivia, la république du Pérou), exécuté pendant les années 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, Vol. 5, Mollusques, Bertrand: Paris, pp. 49–184
- ^ Hupé, H. (1854), Moluscos de Chile. In C. Gay (Ed.), Atlas de la historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia , Vol. 8, Thunot y Cia: Paris, pp. 1–407
- ^ "Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b c Borsa, P.; Rolland, V.; Daguin-Thiébaut, C. (2012). "Genetics and taxonomy of Chilean smooth-shelled mussels, Mytilus spp. (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 335 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.10.002. PMID 22226163. S2CID 1471569.
- ^ Daguin, C.; Borsa, P. (2000). "Genetic relationships of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. populations worldwide: evidence from nuclear DNA markers". Geological Society of London, Special Publications. 177: 389–397. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.177.01.26. S2CID 85428313.
- ^ McDonald, J. H.; Seed, R.; Koehn, R. K. (1991). "Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species of Mytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres". Marine Biology. 111 (3): 323–333. doi:10.1007/BF01319403. S2CID 84491601.