China Educational Exchange of 1950

China Educational Exchange of 1950 was a cross-cultural program authorized during the 81st United States Congress by unanimous consent of United States House of Representatives bill 7797 entitled Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950.^[1] The United States House bill 7797 was an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 and Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 often referred to as the Marshall Plan.^[2]

Background of Derivation

On June 24, 1949, United States President Harry Truman recommended to the 81st United States Congress a Point Four Program encompassing the furtherance of development aid to assist developing countries defined as Second World and Third World nations at the end of World War II.^[3] On March 25, 1950, Harry Truman urged the 81st U.S. Congress for the unanimous consent of the Foreign Assistance Act ― Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 ― assisting under-developed countries confronting direct aggression, intimidation, and subversion while sustaining economic and political stability.^[4]^[5] The Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 supported five programs of foreign aid being enacted into law by the 33rd President of the United States Harry Truman on June 5, 1950.^[6]^[7]

Context of China Educational Exchange of 1950

China Educational Exchange of 1950 has origins in the China Aid Act of 1948 under the auspices of Title IV enclosed in the Marshall Plan.^[8] The 1950 China educational exchange program is articulated by the China Area Aid Act of 1950 assimilated in Title II of the Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950.^[9]

81st Congress 2nd Session as House bill H.R. 7797
Title II - Aid to China ~ 64 Stat. 202-203 § 202, Chapter 220
Allocations for Tuition, etc.
That not more than $6,000,000 of such funds (excluding the amounts mentioned in the foregoing provisos), shall be available for allocation to the Secretary of State, to remain available until expended, under such regulations as the Secretary of State may prescribe, using private agencies to the maximum extent practicable, for necessary expenses of tuition, subsistence, transportation, and emergency medical care for selected citizens of China for study or teaching in accredited colleges, universities, or other educational institutions in the United States approved by the Secretary of State for the purposes, or for research and related academic and technical activities in the United States, and the Attorney General is hereby authorized and directed to promulgate regulations providing that such selected citizens of China who have been admitted for the purpose of study in the United States, shall be granted permission to accept employment upon application filed with the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization.

― John Kee, United States House of Representatives of West Virginia
81st Congress, 2nd Session

22 U.S.C. ch. 19, subch. III §§ 1541 to 1547

June 5, 1950

China Cultural Exchange Agreements of 1979 and 1984

The United States endorsed agreements for cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China during the Carter Administration of 1979 and Reagan Administration of 1984.

United States President Jimmy Carter and China Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping convened January 31, 1979 in Washington, D.C. signing the Cultural Agreement Between the United States and China.^[10]^[11]

On April 22, 1984, 40th president of the United States departed America for a state visit with the People's Republic of China from April 26 to May 1, 1984.^[12] The China state reception was an engagement last orchestrated with the 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China diplomatically occurring from February 21 to February 28, 1972.^[13] United States President Ronald Reagan and Premier of China Zhao Ziyang convened in Beijing signing the United States-China Accord for Cultural Exchange on April 30, 1984.^[14]^[15]

Footnotes

^ "Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 - P.L. 81-535" (PDF). 64 Stat. 198, Chapter 220 ~ House Bill 7797. U.S. Government Printing Office. June 5, 1950.
^ "Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 & Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 - P.L. 80-472" (PDF). 62 Stat. 137, Chapter 169 ~ Senate Bill 2202. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 3, 1948.
^ Truman, Harry S. (June 24, 1949). "Special Message to the Congress Recommending Point 4 Legislation - June 24, 1949". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 329–333.
^ Truman, Harry S. (March 25, 1950). "Letter to the Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Urging Enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act - March 25, 1950". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 228–229.
^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Letter to the Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Urging Enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act" March 25, 1950". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
^ Truman, Harry S. (June 5, 1950). "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Foreign Economic Assistance Act - June 5, 1950". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 453–455.
^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Foreign Economic Assistance Act" June 5, 1950". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
^ "China Aid Act of 1948 - 62 Stat. 158-159 §§ 401-407" (PDF). P.L. 80-472, Chapter 169 ~ Senate Bill 2202. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 3, 1948.
^ "China Area Aid Act of 1950 - 64 Stat. 202-203 § 202" (PDF). P.L. 81-535, Chapter 220 ~ House Bill 7797. U.S. Government Printing Office. June 5, 1950.
^ Carter, Jimmy (January 31, 1979). "Visit of Vice Premier Deng of China ~ Cultural Agreement Between the United States and China - January 31, 1979". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 207–209.
^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Jimmy Carter: "Cultural Agreement Between the United States and China" January 31, 1979". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
^ Reagan, Ronald (April 22, 1984). "1984 Visit by Ronald Reagan to China - April 22 - May 1, 1984". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 570–615.
^ Nixon, Richard (February 17, 1972). "1972 Visit by Richard Nixon to China - February 17-28, 1972". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 365–384.
^ Reagan, Ronald (April 30, 1984). "Text of the United States-China Accord for Cultural Exchange - April 30, 1984". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 595–597.
^ Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Ronald Reagan: "United States-China Accord for Cultural Exchange" April 30, 1984". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.

Archival documents of U.S. Department of State

"The Chinese Revolution of 1949" [Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1945–1952]. Office of the Historian ~ Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State.
"United States Relations with China, with Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949" [Based on the files of the Department of State]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. August 1949.
"Point Four" [Cooperative Program for Aid in the Development of Economically Underdeveloped Areas]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. November 1949.
"Point Four" [Cooperative Program for Aid in the Development of Economically Underdeveloped Areas]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. January 1950.
"Legislative Background of Point Four Program" [Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State]. Office of the Historian ~ Foreign Service Institute. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy, Volume I, Document 304. United States Department of State. June 20, 1950.
"203. Joint Statement Following Discussions With Leaders of the People's Republic of China". Office of the Historian ~ Foreign Service Institute. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972. United States Department of State. February 27, 1972.
"Rapprochement with China, 1972" [Milestones: 1969–1976]. Office of the Historian ~ Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State. 1972.
"International Educational & Cultural Exchange: A Human Contribution to the Structure of Peace". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs ~ U.S. Department of State. 1974. p. 7.
Fairbank, Wilma (June 1976). "America's Cultural Experiment in China 1942-1949" [Cultural Relations Programs of the U.S. Department of State ~ Historical Studies: Number 1]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
"Cultural Relations: Agreement Between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, Signed at Washington January 31, 1979". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. United States Department of State. January 1979.

Bibliography

Feis, Herbert (1953). China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400868278. JSTOR j.ctt13x0zrg. OCLC 905862914.
Li, Hongshan (2008). U.S. - China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural Relations, 1905-1950. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813543925. JSTOR j.ctt5hj1g5. OCLC 85783332.

[1] "Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 - P.L. 81-535" (PDF). 64 Stat. 198, Chapter 220 ~ House Bill 7797. U.S. Government Printing Office. June 5, 1950.

[2] "Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 & Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 - P.L. 80-472" (PDF). 62 Stat. 137, Chapter 169 ~ Senate Bill 2202. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 3, 1948.

[3] Truman, Harry S. (June 24, 1949). "Special Message to the Congress Recommending Point 4 Legislation - June 24, 1949". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 329–333.

[4] Truman, Harry S. (March 25, 1950). "Letter to the Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Urging Enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act - March 25, 1950". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 228–229.

[5] Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Letter to the Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Urging Enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act" March 25, 1950". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.

[6] Truman, Harry S. (June 5, 1950). "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Foreign Economic Assistance Act - June 5, 1950". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 453–455.

[7] Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Foreign Economic Assistance Act" June 5, 1950". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.

[8] "China Aid Act of 1948 - 62 Stat. 158-159 §§ 401-407" (PDF). P.L. 80-472, Chapter 169 ~ Senate Bill 2202. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 3, 1948.

[9] "China Area Aid Act of 1950 - 64 Stat. 202-203 § 202" (PDF). P.L. 81-535, Chapter 220 ~ House Bill 7797. U.S. Government Printing Office. June 5, 1950.

[10] Carter, Jimmy (January 31, 1979). "Visit of Vice Premier Deng of China ~ Cultural Agreement Between the United States and China - January 31, 1979". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 207–209.

[11] Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Jimmy Carter: "Cultural Agreement Between the United States and China" January 31, 1979". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.

[12] Reagan, Ronald (April 22, 1984). "1984 Visit by Ronald Reagan to China - April 22 - May 1, 1984". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 570–615.

[13] Nixon, Richard (February 17, 1972). "1972 Visit by Richard Nixon to China - February 17-28, 1972". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 365–384.

[14] Reagan, Ronald (April 30, 1984). "Text of the United States-China Accord for Cultural Exchange - April 30, 1984". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 595–597.

[15] Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Ronald Reagan: "United States-China Accord for Cultural Exchange" April 30, 1984". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.

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