Chlorobium chlorochromatii, originally known as Chlorobium aggregatum, is a symbiotic green sulfur bacteria that performs anoxygenic photosynthesis and functions as an obligate photoautotroph using reduced sulfur species as electron donors. Chlorobium chlorochromatii can be found in stratified freshwater lakes.[2]
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| Species: | C. chlorochromatii
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| Chlorobium chlorochromatii previously C. aggregatum | |
Topic morphology
editC. chlorochromatii is a Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus, that exist in short chains. They are green in color and have a ring of chlorosomes around that line the inside of their cell wall. Within these chlorosomes contain the light harvesting pigment bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c which feed electrons into Photosystem 1.[3]
Ecology
editPhotosynthetic green sulfur bacteria such as Chlorobium chlorochromatii reside in freshwater, stratified lakes beneath the micro-aerophilic algal layer in anaerobic, light-exposed environments. They have been found worldwide, mostly in holomictic or meromictic stratified lakes. Lakes that support this environment have been found in Germany, Tasmania, the USA, ice-covered lakes in Antarctica, Israel and Japan.[2] Chlorobium chlorochromatii prefer environments with low temperature and low sulfur concentrations.
Symbiosis
editChlorobium chlorochromatii, strain CaD, was originally isolated from the phototrophic microbial consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum. The ability of this epibiont to grow in pure culture indicates that it is not an obligately symbiotic organism.[3] Despite this fact, C. chlorochromatii has never been found in a free-living state in naturally occurring bacterial communities.[4]
Metabolism
editC. chlorochromatii conducts anoxygenic photosynthesis which means it does not produce oxygen as a waste product like plants and cyanobacteria, this type of photosynthesis is exclusive to Bacteria. In their electron transport chain reduced forms of sulfur, e.g., H2S. These reduced forms of sulfur are used in the electron transport chain cyclic Photosystem 1 as electron donors to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.[5] It grows under strictly anaerobic conditions as a photolithoautotroph. They grow best at a pH of 7.0-7.3 at 25 C in continuous light and absorb light maximally at 748 and 453 nm.[3]
Genome structure
editC. chlorochromatii contains a circular genome that contains 2,572,079 bp. There are a total of 2047 genes contained on its chromosome. Of these 2047 genes, there are 1999 protein coding genes and 48 RNA coding genes. There are no pseudogenes contained within the chromosome of C. chlorochromatii.[6] Data from DNA analysis suggests that genomes of green sulfur bacteria range between 2-3.3 Mb. From these data, it can be assumed that the total genome size of the consortium of C. aggregatum is less than 10 Mb in length.[7]
References
edit- ^ "Summary of Chlorobium chlorochromatii".
- ^ a b Chapin, B.; Denoyelles, F.; Gaham, D.W.; Smith, V.H. (2004). "A deep maximum of green sulphur bacteria ('Chlorochromatium aggregatum') in a strongly stratified reservoir". Freshwater Biology. 49: 1337–1354. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01270.x.
- ^ a b c Kajetan, Vogl; Glaeser, Jens; Pfanes, Kristina R.; Wanner, Gerhard; Overmann, Jörg (2006). "Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorobium aggregatum"". Archives of Microbiology. 185 (5): 363–372. doi:10.1007/s00203-006-0102-z. PMID 16555074.
- ^ Vogl, Kejetan. "Ultrastructural Characterization of the Prokaryotic Symbiosis in Chlorochromatium aggregatum". Journal of Bacteriology. doi:10.1128/JB.00027-0.
- ^ "Anoxygenic Photosynthesis". Energy: Making ATP. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ Karp, Peter. "Summary of Chlorobium chlorochromatii dataset, Strain CaD3, version 17.5".
- ^ Grigoriev, Igor. "The Genome Portal of the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute".
Further reading
edit- Chapin, B. R. K.; DeNoyelles, F.; Graham, D.W.; Smith, V.H. (26 July 2004). "A Deep Maximum of Green Sulphur Bacteria ('Chlorochromatium Aggregatum') in a Strongly Stratified Reservoir". Freshwater Biology. 49 (10): 1337–1354. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01270.x.
- "Summary of Chlorobium chlorochromatii". Summary of Chlorobium chlorochromatii, Strain CaD3, version 17.5.