The Chronicle of 741 (or Continuatio Byzantia-Arabica or Continuatio Isidoriana) is a Latin-language history in 43 sections or paragraphs, many of which are quite short, which was composed in about the years 741-743 in al-Andalus. It is the earliest known Christian work produced under Muslim rule in Iberia.
Contents
editThe work is very much shorter than the Chronicle of 754.[1] It contains little Spanish history; the first 14 sections contain very brief mentions of the Visigothic kings up to the reign of Suintila (621-631), taken from the Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum of Isidore of Seville. The remainder of the content consists of alternating sections dealing with the Byzantine Emperors and the parallel leaders of the Arabs beginning with Muhammad. These sections perhaps derive from the Chronicon Mundi of John of Nikiû and from Arabic or Syriac works which have not survived. Some of these sections contain very brief mentions in passing, of the Arab invasions of North Africa, Spain, France, and parts of the Middle East.
Little if any of the content is original; the value of the work lies in what it reveals of the author and his times.
Author
editThe work is noted for being pro-Arab and in particular pro-Umayyad.[2] Various theories about the author have been proposed to account for this:
- he was a Christian converted to Islam,[3] or
- a Christian sympathizing with the Arabs,[4] or
- a Christian convert to Islam writing a propaganda piece under the direction of an Arab[5]
Likewise, various cities of origin have been proposed, such as Toledo, Cordoba, Seville or Mérida,[6] but arguments for these are based on very general considerations.
Date
editThe date of the work cannot be earlier than 741, as it mentions the Byzantine Emperor Leo III and the length of his reign which terminated in that year.
Martín[7] has pointed out that the work contains the words "nostris temporibus" (our times) when saying that the caliphate was then held by a great-grandson of the caliph Marwan I. The first of Marwan's great-grandsons to hold that position was al-Walid II (r. 743–744), and this is likely to represent the date of writing.
Notes
edit- ^ The critical text was published by Gil (see References) and occupies less than 7 pages.
- ^ Martín (2007) para. 13 of his online article details the bias.
- ^ Dubler, article cited below.
- ^ Roger Collins, book cited below.
- ^ Martín (2007), para. 12 of his online article.
- ^ all possibilities canvassed by Díaz y Díaz, article cited below.
- ^ para. 18 of Part 1 of his online article.
References
edit- Cyrille Aillet, "The Chronicle of 741", in D. Thomas and B. Roggema (ed.), Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Volume 1 (Brill, 2009), pp. 284–289.
- Roger Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 711-797 (Blackwell, 1989).
- Dubler, C.E. (1946) "Sobre la Crónica árabigo-byzantina de 741 y la influencia bizantina en la Península Ibérica", Al-Andalus 11, 283-349.
- Díaz y Díaz, M.C. (1976) "La historiographia hispana desde la invasión árabe hasta el año 1000", in De Isidoro al siglo XI. Ocho estudios sobre la vida literaria peninsular, Barcelona, 203-234.
- Gil, J. (1973) Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorum, vol. 1, Madrid, 7-14.
- Martín, Jose Carlos (2007) "Los Chronica Byzantia-Arabica", e-Spania (online)
- English translation of the Chronicle by Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi ([1])