The church forests in Ethiopia are small fragments of forest surrounding Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. Northern Ethiopia was once covered in forests, but due to deforestation for agriculture, only about 4% of the original forested lands remain. Church leaders have long held the belief that a church needs to be surrounded by a forest, and these sacred forests have been tended for some 1,500 years. Aerial photographs of church forests show them as small verdant islands surrounded by vast areas of tilled lands and pasture. There are around 35,000 individual church forests in the region, ranging in size from 3 hectares (7.4 acres) to 300 hectares (740 acres), with the average around 5 hectares (12 acres). It is estimated that these church forests represent the bulk of the remaining forested land in the Ethiopian Highlands.[1][2]
At risk
editThe isolated forests have been dwindling in size due to edge effects through encroachment by the surrounding agriculture, both from the grazing of cattle that would shelter and feed in the forests,[3] as well as encroaching tilling of fields.[4] The outermost trees of these islands of forest were found to be stressed and dying.[5]
Forest ecologist Dr. Alemayehu Wassie[6] and conservation scientist Meg Lowman[2] were alarmed at the rate at which the church forests were shrinking. If reforestation would ever be likely in the future, they needed to help conserve and increase these last remaining forests which are the natural seed banks for local genetic diversity of tree species.[7][8]
Conservation efforts
editStudies were conducted and it was found almost no new growth of tree species occurred in areas where cattle were allowed to graze, as the cattle would eat all the young seedlings that germinated.[3] Similarly, human incursions into the forest creating pathways at random, also stressed the church forests.[4] Researchers found that church forests that were surrounded by walls — a rare occurrence — had a higher density and variety of seedlings than forests without walls, "because it likely reduced access to the forests by grazers and directed human visitors to trails."[9]
Working with the religious leaders, it was decided to exclude cattle by building dry stone walls around the forests. Entry gates were included and people were allowed in and out through established pathways. The dry stone walls were similar in construction to the walls of the inner churchyard. Locals helped collect stones from their fields, which in turn helped their crops by removing the rocks from the fields, and also helped to build walls around their local church forests.[5][10]
The religious significance of the forest is equalled by its ecological functions. These sacred oases raise water tables, lower temperature, block destructive winds and are home to yield-boosting pollinators essential to surrounding agriculture.[11]
Birds, bees, monkeys, caracals and other wildlife were found to have returned to the church forests. Tree seeds were germinating and seedlings growing. In some cases they built the walls beyond the perimeter of the forest to extend the size of the forest.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Cardelús, Catherine L.; Baimas-George, M.; Lowman, Margaret; Eshete, Alemayu Wassie (11 December 2013). Lowman, Margaret; Devy, Soubadra; Ganesh, T. (eds.). Treetops at Risk: Challenges of Global Canopy Ecology and Conservation. Springer. pp. 119–122. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_11. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2021 – via SpringerLink.
- ^ a b Abbott, Alison (2018). "Biodiversity thrives in Ethiopia's church forests". Nature.
- ^ a b Wassie, Alemayehu; Sterck, Frank J.; Teketay, Demel; Bongers, Frans (10 February 2009). "Effects of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in church forests of Ethiopia". Forest Ecology and Management. 257 (3): 765–772. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.032 – via ScienceDirect.
- ^ a b Cardelús, Catherine L.; Woods, Carrie L.; Mekonnen, Amare Bitew; Dexter, Sonya; Scull, Peter; Tsegay, Berhanu Abraha (6 March 2019). "Human disturbance impacts the integrity of sacred church forests, Ethiopia". PLOS One. 14 (3): e0212430. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1412430C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212430. PMC 6402655. PMID 30840665.
- ^ a b c Bahnson, Fred (11 January 2020). "The Church Forests of Ethiopia: A Mystical Geography". Emergence Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ Seifert, Jeremy (11 January 2020). "The Church Forests of Ethiopia (short film)". Emergence Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ Wassie, Alemayehu; Teketay, Demel (2 January 2006). "Soil seed banks in church forests of northern Ethiopia: Implications for the conservation of woody plants". Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 201 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.04.002 – via ScienceDirect.
- ^ Borunda, Alejandra (18 January 2019). "See the incredible "church forests" of Ethiopia". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021.
- ^ Woods, Carrie L.; Cardelús, Catherine L.; Scull, Peter; Wassie, Alemayehu; Baez, Mabel; Klepeis, Peter (1 January 2017). "Stone walls and sacred forest conservation in Ethiopia". Biodiversity and Conservation. 26 (1): 209–221. Bibcode:2017BiCon..26..209W. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1239-y. S2CID 33385153. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2021 – via SpringerLink.
- ^ Amare, Dagninet; Mekuria, Wolde; T/wold, Tilaye; Belay, Beyene; Teshome, Akalu; Yitaferu, Birru; Tessema, Teshome; Tegegn, Berhan (2 July 2016). "Perception of local community and the willingness to pay to restore church forests: the case of Dera district, northwestern Ethiopia". Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 25 (3): 173–186. Bibcode:2016ForTL..25..173A. doi:10.1080/14728028.2015.1133330. S2CID 168089019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2021 – via Taylor & Francis+NEJM.
- ^ Dodds, Kieran (8 November 2021). "Gardens of Eden: the church forests of Ethiopia – a photo essay". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
External links
edit- The Church Forests of Ethiopia — short film by Jeremy Seifert, 11 January 2020
- Gardens of Eden: the church forests of Ethiopia – a photo essay The Guardian, 8 November 2021
- The 'sacred forests' of northern Ethiopia BBC, 21 May 2019
- How Churches are the Gatekeepers of Ethiopia's Forests Africa Geographic, 24 April 2015