Marcus Tullius Cicero minor (minor, 'younger'), or Cicero the Younger, was born in 65 BC. He was the son of the distinguished orator and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero and his first wife, Terentia.[2] Cicero minor had an elder sister, Tullia, who was born in 79 and died in 45 BC.[3]
Biography
editIn youth, apparently despairing over his father's exile to Greece in 58 BC, by 52 BC he had joined his father during his governorship in Cilicia.[4] During his time in Cilicia he served as envoy to Deiotarus, king of Galatia, and returned to Italy with his father in 51 BC. In March 49 BC amid the start of Caesar's civil war his father gave him the toga virilis at Arpinum.[5] When his father took Pompey's side in mid-49 BC, Cicero minor followed him to Greece and served as officer of a cavalry detachment.[6] After Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus in 48 BC, Cicero minor with his father was pardoned at Brundisium. The next year he was made one of the three municipal aediles at Arpinum with his cousin and one Marcus Casius as colleagues.[7]
During Caesar's Spanish campaign, Cicero minor asked his father for leave to join Caesar's troops in late 46 BC.[8] However, Cicero minor evidently stayed at Rome, since by March 45 BC he was planning to go to Athens for studies.[9][10] While he was at Athens he wrote a letter to Tiro, a former slave, now freedman, of the family. In it, he said that he was practising declamation in Greek with Gorgias but had to let him go, because his father, whom he did not want to offend, had told him to. Cicero minor was then taught declamation in Greek by Cassius and Latin with Brutus,[11] the two leading conspirators in the assassination of Julius Caesar who, their deed complete, were in Greece trying to gain support for the war against the Second Triumvirate. Brutus praised Cicero and admired him for his noble spirit and his detestation of tyranny. During his time in Athens, Brutus gave Cicero command and used his services in a number of successful undertakings.[citation needed]
While his father was in Rome leading the senate during the War of Mutina, he sought to advance Cicero minor to the College of Pontiffs.[12] However, after the senate's defeat, both father and son were proscribed by the Second Triumvirate at Mark Antony's request in late 43 BC.[13] After his father was killed in those proscriptions that December, Cicero joined the liberatores led by Brutus and Cassius. After the republican defeat at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, Cicero minor fled to Sextus Pompey in Sicily.[14] He stayed with Sextus until the Pact of Misenum in 39 BC, when Cicero minor returned to Rome. Graciously received by Octavian, he was quickly advanced to a priesthood (either the augurate or pontificate).[15]
Made one of the suffect consuls for 30 BC at Octavian's initiative,[16][17] Cicero minor announced Antony's death to the senate and people. The appointment was one of political theatre, allowing Octavian to associate through the younger Cicero defeat of a Roman internal enemy (as the elder Cicero had done with the Catilinarian conspiracy), distance Octavian from the crimes of the Second Triumvirate, and conjure the romantic image a son avenging his father's murder.[18] Cicero minor had the senate revoke Antony's honours and tear his statues down, as well as decree that no Antonii would bear the name Marcus again. "Thus the heavenly powers devolved upon the family of Cicero the final steps in the punishment of Antony".[19] After his consulship, he was proconsular governor of Asia.[20] In 28 BC,[citation needed] he then served as legate to the imperial province of Syria.[21]
Legacy
editLater remembered as an alcoholic, Pliny, in Naturalis Historia recounts a story where in a drunken stupor Cicero Minor threw a goblet at Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.[22] Seneca the Elder, in Suasoriae, said that the younger had "none of his father's ability except his wit" and that he "was not gifted with a good memory, and drunkenness was gradually destroying any that he had".[23]
He is not known to have had any issue.[24]
References
edit- ^ Burnett, Amandry & Ripollès, n°2448.
- ^ Zmeskal 2009, p. 272; PIR1 3 1898, p. 338, noting possibility of birth in 64 BC.
- ^ Zmeskal 2009, pp. 272–73.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Cic. Fam., 14.1 (Cicero minor's despair aged c. 7), and Att, 5.9.3 (service with father in Cilicia aged c. 13).
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 338, citing Cic. Fam., 9.6, 9.17, 9.19 (Arpini potissimum togam puram dedi).
- ^ Balsdon & Griffin 2012; PIR1 3 1898, p. 389, citing Cic. Off., 2.45.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Cic. Fam., 13.11.3.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Cic. Att., 12.7.
- ^ Balsdon & Griffin 2012.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Cic. Att. 12.27, 12.32.
- ^ Cicero minor. "Letter 34." In The Harvard Classics, Vol. 9, by William Melmoth, 181-183. New York: PF Collier & Son Company, 1909.[better source needed]
- ^ Broughton 1952, p. 426, citing Cic. Brut., 1.5.3.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing App. BCiv. 4.19.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing App. BCiv. 5.2–4.
- ^ Broughton 1952, p. 426, preferring the augurate.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339.
- ^ Degrassi, Attilio (1952). I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (in Italian). Rome: Edizioni de storia e letteratura. p. 3.
- ^ Sillett, Andrew James (2015). "A learned man and a patriot": the reception of Cicero in the early imperial period (DPhil thesis). Oxford University. pp. 13–15. Consulship dated to 30 BC rather than 31, rejecting App. BCiv., 4.51. Broughton 1952, pp. 419–20 agrees, not noting Cicero minor as one of the consules suffecti.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Plut. Cic., 49.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, citing Sen. Suas. 7.13.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, p. 339, noting that the date assigned to his Syrian posting is not clear.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, pp. 339–40, citing Plin. NH, 14.147.
- ^ PIR1 3 1898, pp. 340, also citing Dio, 46.18.5 (in a speech placed in the mouth of Quintus Fufius Calenus lambasting the elder Cicero for bringing up a son who is "sober neither night or day"); Sen. Suas., 7.13.
- ^ Zmeskal 2009, p. 272, not noting any children.
Bibliography
edit- Balsdon, J P V D; Griffin, M T (2012). "Tullius Cicero, Marcus, son of Cicero the orator". Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6598. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
- Burnett, Andrew; Michel Amandry & Pere Pau Ripollès (1992). Roman Provincial Coinage volume I: From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC–AD 69); Part I: Introduction and Catalogue. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-0871-5.
- Hanslik, Rudolf (1943). . Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. VII A, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1281–86 – via Wikisource.
- "M. Tullius Cicero". Prosopographia Imperii Romani (in Latin). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Berlin: G Reimer. 1898. pp. 338–40.
- Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). Adfinitas (in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. ISBN 978-3-88849-304-1.