Ciproxifan

Ciproxifan
Clinical data
ATC code	none;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name cyclopropyl 4-(3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyloxy)phenyl ketone;
CAS Number	184025-19-2 ;
PubChem CID	6422124;
IUPHAR/BPS	1265;
ChemSpider	4927646 ;
UNII	5EVQ7IRG99;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL14638 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID50171532 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C16H18N2O2
Molar mass	270.332 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES C1CC1C(=O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)OCCCC3=CN=CN3;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H18N2O2/c19-16(12-3-4-12)13-5-7-15(8-6-13)20-9-1-2-14-10-17-11-18-14/h5-8,10-12H,1-4,9H2,(H,17,18) ; Key:ACQBHJXEAYTHCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Ciproxifan is an extremely potent histamine H₃ inverse agonist/antagonist.

The histamine H₃ receptor is an inhibitory autoreceptor located on histaminergic nerve terminals, and is believed to be involved in modulating the release of histamine in the brain. Histamine has an excitatory effect in the brain via H₁ receptors in the cerebral cortex, and so drugs such as ciproxifan which block the H₃ receptor and consequently allow more histamine to be released have an alertness-promoting effect.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ciproxifan produces wakefulness and attentiveness in animal studies, and produced cognitive enhancing effects without prominent stimulant effects at relatively low levels of receptor occupancy, and pronounced wakefulness at higher doses.^[4] It has therefore been proposed as a potential treatment for sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and to improve vigilance in old age, particularly in the treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.^[5]^[6] It also potentiated the effects of antipsychotic drugs, and has been suggested as an adjuvant treatment for schizophrenia.^[7]

References

^ Passani MB, Lin JS, Hancock A, Crochet S, Blandina P (December 2004). "The histamine H₃ receptor as a novel therapeutic target for cognitive and sleep disorders". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (12): 618–25. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.10.003. PMID 15530639.
^ Passani MB, Giannoni P, Bucherelli C, Baldi E, Blandina P (April 2007). "Histamine in the brain: beyond sleep and memory". Biochem. Pharmacol. 73 (8): 1113–22. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.002. hdl:2158/26709. PMID 17241615.
^ Parmentier R, Anaclet C, Guhennec C, Brousseau E, Bricout D, Giboulot T, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Spiegel K, Ohtsu H, Williams M, Lin JS (April 2007). "The brain H₃-receptor as a novel therapeutic target for vigilance and sleep-wake disorders". Biochem. Pharmacol. 73 (8): 1157–71. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.002. PMID 17288995. S2CID 11652989.
^ Le S, Gruner JA, Mathiasen JR, Marino MJ, Schaffhauser H (June 2008). "Correlation between ex vivo receptor occupancy and wake-promoting activity of selective H₃ receptor antagonists". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325 (3): 902–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.135343. PMID 18305012. S2CID 26536000.
^ LLigneau X, Lin J, Vanni-Mercier G, Jouvet M, Muir JL, Ganellin CR, Stark H, Elz S, Schunack W, Schwartz J (November 1998). "Neurochemical and behavioral effects of ciproxifan, a potent histamine H₃-receptor antagonist". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287 (2): 658–66. PMID 9808693.
^ Witkin JM, Nelson DL (July 2004). "Selective histamine H₃ receptor antagonists for treatment of cognitive deficiencies and other disorders of the central nervous system". Pharmacol. Ther. 103 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.05.001. PMID 15251226.
^ Pillot C, Ortiz J, Héron A, Ridray S, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM (August 2002). "Ciproxifan, a histamine H₃-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, potentiates neurochemical and behavioral effects of haloperidol in the rat" (PDF). J. Neurosci. 22 (16): 7272–80. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07272.2002. PMC 6757889. PMID 12177222.

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[pmid15530639-1] Passani MB, Lin JS, Hancock A, Crochet S, Blandina P (December 2004). "The histamine H₃ receptor as a novel therapeutic target for cognitive and sleep disorders". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (12): 618–25. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.10.003. PMID 15530639.

[pmid17241615-2] Passani MB, Giannoni P, Bucherelli C, Baldi E, Blandina P (April 2007). "Histamine in the brain: beyond sleep and memory". Biochem. Pharmacol. 73 (8): 1113–22. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.002. hdl:2158/26709. PMID 17241615.

[pmid17288995-3] Parmentier R, Anaclet C, Guhennec C, Brousseau E, Bricout D, Giboulot T, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Spiegel K, Ohtsu H, Williams M, Lin JS (April 2007). "The brain H₃-receptor as a novel therapeutic target for vigilance and sleep-wake disorders". Biochem. Pharmacol. 73 (8): 1157–71. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.002. PMID 17288995. S2CID 11652989.

[pmid18305012-4] Le S, Gruner JA, Mathiasen JR, Marino MJ, Schaffhauser H (June 2008). "Correlation between ex vivo receptor occupancy and wake-promoting activity of selective H₃ receptor antagonists". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325 (3): 902–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.135343. PMID 18305012. S2CID 26536000.

[pmid9808693-5] LLigneau X, Lin J, Vanni-Mercier G, Jouvet M, Muir JL, Ganellin CR, Stark H, Elz S, Schunack W, Schwartz J (November 1998). "Neurochemical and behavioral effects of ciproxifan, a potent histamine H₃-receptor antagonist". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287 (2): 658–66. PMID 9808693.

[pmid15251226-6] Witkin JM, Nelson DL (July 2004). "Selective histamine H₃ receptor antagonists for treatment of cognitive deficiencies and other disorders of the central nervous system". Pharmacol. Ther. 103 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.05.001. PMID 15251226.

[pmid12177222-7] Pillot C, Ortiz J, Héron A, Ridray S, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM (August 2002). "Ciproxifan, a histamine H₃-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, potentiates neurochemical and behavioral effects of haloperidol in the rat" (PDF). J. Neurosci. 22 (16): 7272–80. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07272.2002. PMC 6757889. PMID 12177222.

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Clinical data

ATC code	none
Identifiers
IUPAC name cyclopropyl 4-(3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyloxy)phenyl ketone
CAS Number	184025-19-2^N
PubChem CID	6422124
IUPHAR/BPS	1265
ChemSpider	4927646^N
UNII	5EVQ7IRG99
ChEMBL	ChEMBL14638^N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID50171532
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₂
Molar mass	270.332 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES C1CC1C(=O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)OCCCC3=CN=CN3
InChI InChI=1S/C16H18N2O2/c19-16(12-3-4-12)13-5-7-15(8-6-13)20-9-1-2-14-10-17-11-18-14/h5-8,10-12H,1-4,9H2,(H,17,18)^N Key:ACQBHJXEAYTHCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N^N
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