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Classification of sleep disorders

Classification of sleep disorders comprises systems for classifying medical disorders associated with sleep. Systems have changed, increasingly using technological discoveries to advance the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders.

Classification of sleep disorders
SpecialtySleep medicine

Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three systems of classification.[1] The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine.

Classification systems

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See also: Sleep disorder and Sleep medicine

Systems for the classification of sleep disorders are used to classify medical disorders related to human sleep patterns. Three systems of classification are in use worldwide:[2]

The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three major classification systems.[1]

History

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Milestones

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The first book on sleep[citation needed] was published in 1830 by Robert MacNish; it described sleeplessness, nightmares, sleepwalking and sleep-talking. Narcolepsy, hypnogogic hallucination, wakefulness and somnolence were mentioned by other authors of the nineteenth century. Westphal, in 1877, described first case of narcolepsy, the name coined later by Gelineu in 1880 in association with cataplexy. Lehermitte called it paroxysmal hypersomnia in 1930 to differentiate it from prolonged hypersomnia. Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia.[3] Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors, somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth, jactatians, enuresis, delirium, nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation.[4] Broughton in 1968 developed classification of the arousal disorders as confusional arousals: night terrors and sleep walking.[5] Insomnias were classified as primary and secondary until 1970 when they were recognized as symptoms of other disorders. Sir William Osler in 1906 correlated snoring, obesity and somnolence (sleepiness) to Dicken's description of Joe. Charles Burwell in 1956 recognized obstructive sleep apnea as Pickwickian syndrome.[6] Circadian rhythm sleep disorders were discovered in 1981 by Weitzman as delayed sleep phase syndrome in contrast to advanced sleep phase syndrome in 1979.[7]

Evolution of classifications of sleep disorders

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Classification of sleep disorders, as developed in the 19th century, used primarily three categories: insomnia, hypersomnia and nightmare. In the 20th century, increasingly in the last half of it, technological discoveries led to rapid advances in the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders. Major sleep disorders were defined following the development of electroencephalography (EEG) in 1924 by Hans Berger.

Year ICSD ICD DSM Development
1955 ICD-7R[8] Disturbance of sleep was seen as a symptom of other diseases
1965 ICD-8[9] Recognized as both a disease and a symptom of other diseases
1968 DSM-II Disorder of Sleep as an independent category
1975 ICD-9[10] Organic sleep disorder, nonorganic sleep disorder and as symptom of other diseases
1979 Nosology Clinical classification into four major groups: Disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias, Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias, Disorder of sleep-wake schedule (Circadian rhythm disorders) and Parasomnias
1980 ICD-CM DSM-III Manifestation of other disorders with physical manifestation, as Sleep walking and Sleep terror
1987 DSM-III-R Sleep Disorders were classified into dysomnias and parasomnias.
1990 ICSD Expanded previous system into Dysomnias, Parasomnias, Symptomatic and Proposed disorder of sleep
1990 ICD-10[11] Organic sleep disorders included under nervous system disorder, nonorganic under psychiatric disorders and a third category as manifestation of other diseases
1994 DSM-IV Dyssomnias, Parasomnias, Manifestation of mental disorders and Other
1997 ICSD-R First detailed classification of various sleep disorders
  • Dyssomnias
    1. Intrinsic Sleep Disorders
    2. Extrinsic Sleep Disorders
    3. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
  • Parasomnias
    1. Arousal Disorders
    2. Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders
    3. Parasomnias Usually Associated with REM Sleep
    4. Other Parasomnias
  • Sleep Disorders Associated with Mental, Neurologic, or Other Medical Disorders
    1. Associated with Mental Disorders
    2. Associated with Neurologic Disorders
    3. Associated with Other Medical Disorders
  • 4. Proposed Sleep Disorders
2000 DSM-IV-TR
  • Primary sleep disorders
    • Dyssomnias
      • Insomnias
      • Hypersomnias
        • Recurrent Hypersomnias
        • Narcolepsy
      • Breathing related sleep disorder
      • Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
      • Movement disorder of sleep
    • Parasomnias
  • Secondary sleep disorders associated with other mental disorders and substance use.
2005 ICSD-2 Most extensive classification of sleep disorders
2010 ICD-10-CM[12] Three major categories, F51 as nonorganic sleep disorders, G47 organic sleep disorders and R- as symptoms of sleep disorders
2013 ICSD-3 DSM-V Lumping and splitting of sleep disorders and concordance of two systems
2015 ICD-11 Beta[13] Proposed beta version yet to be finalized in line with ICDS3 and DSM V

Validity and reliability

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Diagnoses of sleep disorders are based on self-assessment questionnaires, clinical interview, physical examination and laboratory procedures. The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine. Admittedly, the development of sleep disorder classification remains as much an art as it is a science.[1]

The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)

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Main article: International Classification of Sleep Disorders

The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) was produced by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in association with the European Sleep Research Society, the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, and the Latin American Sleep Society. The classification was developed as a revision and update of the Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD) that was produced by both the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC) and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep and was published in the journal Sleep in 1979.[14][15]

  1. Disorder of initiating and maintain sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias
  2. Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias
  3. Disorder of sleep wake schedule
  4. Parasomnias

The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) uses a multiaxial system for stating and coding diagnoses both in clinical reports or for data base purposes. The axial system uses International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9- CM) coding wherever possible. Additional codes are included for procedures and physical signs of particular interest to sleep disorders clinicians and researchers. Diagnoses and procedures are listed and coded on three main "axes." The axial system is arranged as follows:[16]

  • Axis A ICSD Classification of Sleep Disorders
  • Axis B ICD-9-CM Classification of Procedures
  • Axis C ICD-9-CM Classification of Diseases (nonsleep diagnoses).

ICSD - I Revised 1997

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[16]

Dyssomnias

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  1. Intrinsic Sleep Disorders
  2. Extrinsic Sleep Disorders
  3. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

Parasomnias

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  1. Arousal Disorders
  2. Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders
  3. Parasomnias Usually Associated with REM Sleep
  4. Other Parasomnias

Sleep Disorders Associated with Mental, Neurologic, or Other Medical Disorders

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  1. Associated with Mental Disorders
  2. Associated with Neurologic Disorders
  3. Associated with Other Medical Disorders

Proposed Sleep Disorders

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ICSD 2 is tabulated in the main article International Classification of Sleep Disorders

ICSD - 3

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The last edition of ICSD-3 is a unified classification of sleep disorders. It includes seven major categories: insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, parasomnias, and other sleep disorders. Each of these categories has several subgroups:[17]

1. Insomnia

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  1. Chronic insomnia disorder
  2. Short-term insomnia disorder
  3. Other insomnia disorder
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  1. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disorders
    1. OSA, adult
    2. OSA, pediatric
  2. Central sleep apnea syndromes
    1. Central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing
    2. Central sleep apnea due to a medical disorder without Cheyne-Stokes breathing
    3. Central sleep apnea due to high altitude periodic breathing
    4. Central sleep apnea due to a medication or substance
    5. Primary central sleep apnea
    6. Primary central sleep apnea of infancy
    7. Primary central sleep apnea of prematurity
    8. Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea
  3. Sleep-related hypoventilation disorders
    1. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
    2. Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
    3. Late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction
    4. Idiopathic central alveolar hypoventilation
    5. Sleep-related hypoventilation due to a medication or substance
    6. Sleep-related hypoventilation due to a medical disorder
  4. Sleep-related hypoxemia disorder
  5. Isolated symptoms and normal variants

3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence

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  1. Narcolepsy type 1
  2. Narcolepsy type 2
  3. Idiopathic hypersomnia
  4. Kleine-Levin syndrome
  5. Hypersomnia due to a medical disorder
  6. Hypersomnia due to a medication or substance
  7. Hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorder
  8. Insufficient sleep syndrome

4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

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  1. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
  2. Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder
  3. Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder
  4. Non-24-h sleep-wake rhythm disorder
  5. Shift work disorder
  6. Jet lag disorder
  7. Circadian sleep-wake disorder not otherwise specified
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  1. Restless legs syndrome
  2. Periodic limb movement disorder
  3. Sleep-related leg cramps
  4. Sleep-related bruxism
  5. Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder
  6. Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy
  7. Propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset
  8. Sleep-related movement disorder due to a medical disorder
  9. Sleep-related movement disorder due to a medication or substance
  10. Sleep-related movement disorder, unspecified
  11. Isolated symptoms and normal variants
    1. Excessive fragmentary myoclonus
    2. Hypnagogic foot tremor and alternating leg muscle activation
    3. Sleep starts (hypnic jerks)

6. Parasomnias

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  1. NREM-related parasomnias
    1. Confusional arousals
    2. Sleepwalking
    3. Sleep terrors
    4. Sleep-related eating disorder
  2. REM-related parasomnias
    1. REM sleep behavior disorder
    2. Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
    3. Nightmare disorder
  3. Other parasomnias
    1. Exploding head syndrome
    2. Sleep-related hallucinations
    3. Sleep enuresis
    4. Parasomnia due to a medical disorder
    5. Parasomnia due to a medication or substance
    6. Parasomnia, unspecified
  4. Isolated symptoms and normal variants
    1. Sleep talking

7. Other sleep disorders

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International Classification of Disease (ICD)

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Main article: International Classification of Disease

ICD-7R 1955

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  • 780.7 Disturbance of sleep[8]

ICD-8 1965

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[9]

  • 306.4 Specific disorder of sleep
  • 780.6 Disturbance of sleep

ICD-9 1975

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[10]

327 Organic sleep disorders

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327.0 Organic disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep [organic insomnia]
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  • 327.00 Organic insomnia, unspecified
  • 327.01 Insomnia due to medical condition classified elsewhere
  • 327.02 Insomnia due to mental disorder
  • 327.09 Other organic insomnia
327.1 Organic disorder of excessive somnolence [organic hypersomnia]
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  • 327.10 Organic hypersomnia, unspecified
  • 327.11 Idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time
  • 327.12 Idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time
  • 327.13 Recurrent hypersomnia
  • 327.14 Hypersomnia due to medical condition classified elsewhere
  • 327.15 Hypersomnia due to mental disorder
  • 327.19 Other organic hypersomnia
327.2 Organic sleep apnea
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  • 327.20 Organic sleep apnea, unspecified
  • 327.21 Primary central sleep apnea
  • 327.22 High altitude periodic breathing
  • 327.23 Obstructive sleep apnea (adult)(pediatric)
  • 327.24 Idiopathic sleep related non-obstructive alveolar hypoventilation
  • 327.25 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
  • 327.26 Sleep related hypoventilation/hypoxemia in conditions classifiable elsewhere
  • 327.27 Central sleep apnea in conditions classified elsewhere
  • 327.29 Other organic sleep apnea
327.3 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
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  • 327.30 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, unspecified
  • 327.31 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase type
  • 327.32 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, advanced sleep phase type
  • 327.33 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, irregular sleep-wake type
  • 327.34 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free-running type
  • 327.35 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type
  • 327.36 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type
  • 327.37 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder in conditions classified elsewhere
  • 327.39 Other circadian rhythm sleep disorder
327.4 Organic parasomnia
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  • 327.40 Organic parasomnia, unspecified
  • 327.41 Confusional arousals
  • 327.42 REM sleep behavior disorder
  • 327.43 Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
  • 327.44 Parasomnia in conditions classified elsewhere
  • 327.49 Other organic parasomnia
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  • 327.51 Periodic limb movement disorder
  • 327.52 Sleep related leg cramps
  • 327.53 Sleep related bruxism
  • 327.59 Other organic sleep related movement disorders
327.8 Other organic sleep disorders
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307.4 Specific disorders of sleep of nonorganic origin
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  • 307.40 Nonorganic sleep disorder, unspecified
  • 307.41 Transient disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep
  • 307.42 Persistent disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep
  • 307.43 Transient disorder of initiating or maintaining wakefulness
  • 307.44 Persistent disorder of initiating or maintaining wakefulness
  • 307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder of nonorganic origin
  • 307.46 Sleep arousal disorder
  • 307.47 Other dysfunctions of sleep stages or arousal from sleep
  • 307.48 Repetitive intrusions of sleep
  • 307.49 Other specific disorders of sleep of nonorganic origin
780.5 Sleep disturbances
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  • 780.50 Sleep disturbance, unspecified
  • 780.51 Insomnia with sleep apnea, unspecified
  • 780.52 Insomnia, unspecified
  • 780.53 Hypersomnia with sleep apnea, unspecified
  • 780.54 Hypersomnia, unspecified
  • 780.55 Disruption of 24 hour sleep wake cycle, unspecified
  • 780.56 Dysfunctions associated with sleep stages or arousal from sleep
  • 780.57 Unspecified sleep apnea
  • 780.58 Sleep related movement disorder, unspecified
  • 780.59 Other sleep disturbances
292.85 Drug induced sleep disorders
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ICD-NA (1997)

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[18]

G47 Sleep disorders

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  • Excl.: nocturnal myoclonus (G25.80), nightmares (F51.5), nonorganic sleep disorders (F51.-), sleep terrors (F51.4), sleepwalking (F51.3)
G47.0 Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep [insomnias], Excl. altitudinal insomnia (T70.2)
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G47.1 Disorders of excessive somnolence [hypersomnias]
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G47.2 Disorders of the sleep-wake schedule
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  • G47.20 Transient sleep wake schedule disorder
  • G47.21 Advanced sleep phase disorder
  • G47.22 Delayed sleep phase syndromes
  • G47.23 Irregular sleep-wake pattern
  • G47.24 Non 24 hour sleep wake cycle
  • G47.28 Other disorder of sleep wake schedule
G47.3 Sleep apnoea
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  • Sleep related respiratory failure (ondine)
  • Excl. pickwickian syndrome (E66.2), sleep apnoea of newborn (P28.3)
  • G47.30 Alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
  • G47.31 Central sleep apnoea
  • G47.32 Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • G47.38 Other sleep apnoea
G47.4 Narcolepsy and cataplexy
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  • G47.40 Narcolepsy
  • G47.41 Cataplexy
  • G47.42 Sleep paralysis
  • G47.43 Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucination
  • G47.44 Any combination of narcolepsy, cataplexy, Sleep paralysis, Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucination
  • G47.48 Other forms of narcolepsy and cataplexy
G47.8 Other sleep disorders
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  • Excl: Other sudden death, cause unknown (R96-)
  • Sleep apnoea (G47.3)
  • newborn (R96.-)
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (R95)
  • G47.80 Other REM sleep related parasomnias
    • Excl. nightmares (F51.5), Sleep paralysis (G47.42 )
    • G47.800 REM sleep related behavior disorder (phantasmagorias)
    • G47.801 Impaired REM sleep related non painful penile erection
    • G47.802 REM sleep related painful penile erection
    • G47.803 REM sleep related cardiac sinus arrest
    • G47.804 REM sleep related headache (use additional code if required to indicate type of headache)
  • G47.81 Other non REM sleep related parasomnias
    • Excl: benign neonatal sleep syndrome (G25.37)
    • G47.810 Sleep related bruxism
    • G47.811 Sleep related enuresis
    • G47.812 Non-REM-sleep related abnormal swallowing syndrome
    • G47.813 Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia
  • G47.82 Sleep arousal disorders, confusional arousal, Sleep drunkenness
  • G47.83 Sleep-wake transition disorders
    • Excl. nocturnal leg cramps (R25.20)
    • G47.830 Sleep related rhythmic movement disorder, head-banging (jactatio capitis noctunus)
    • G47.831 Sleep starts
    • G47.832 Sleepwalking
  • G47.84 Kleine-Levin syndrome, Recurrent hypersomnia
  • G47.88 Other specified sleep disorders
G47.9 Sleep disorder, unspecified
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F51 Nonorganic sleep disorders

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  • Excl.: sleep disorders (organic) (G47.-)
F51.0 Nonorganic insomnia Excl.: insomnia (organic) (G47.0)
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F51.1 Nonorganic hypersomnia Excl.: hypersomnia (organic) (G47.1), narcolepsy (G47.4)
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F51.2 Nonorganic disorder of the sleep-wake schedule
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  • Psychogenic inversion of:
    • circadian
    • nyctohemeral
    • sleep rhythm
  • Excl.: disorders of the sleep-wake schedule (organic) (G47.2)
F51.3 Sleepwalking [somnambulism]
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F51.4 Sleep terrors [night terrors]
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F51.5 Nightmares, Dream anxiety disorder
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F51.8 Other nonorganic sleep disorders
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F51.9 Nonorganic sleep disorder, unspecified, Emotional sleep disorder NOS
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P28.3 Primary sleep apnoea of newborn

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  • Sleep apnoea of newborn:
    • central
    • NOS
    • obstructive

P28.4 Other apnoea of newborn

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  • Apnoea (of):
    • newborn, obstructive
    • prematurity Excl.: obstructive sleep apnoea of newborn (P28.3)

ICD-10-CM 2016

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[19]

G47 Sleep disorders

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G47.0 Insomnia
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  • G47.00 ...... unspecified
  • G47.01 ...... due to medical condition
  • G47.09 Other insomnia
G47.1 Hypersomnia
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  • G47.10 ...... unspecified
  • G47.11 Idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time
  • G47.12 Idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time
  • G47.13 Recurrent hypersomnia
  • G47.14 ...... due to medical condition
  • G47.19 Other hypersomnia
G47.2 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
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  • G47.20 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, unspecified type
  • G47.21 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase type
  • G47.22 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, advanced sleep phase type
  • G47.23 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, irregular sleep wake type
  • G47.24 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free running type
  • G47.25 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type
  • G47.26 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type
  • G47.27 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder in conditions classified elsewhere
  • G47.29 Other circadian rhythm sleep disorder
G47.3 Sleep apnea
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  • G47.30 ...... unspecified
  • G47.31 Primary central sleep apnea
  • G47.32 High altitude periodic breathing
  • G47.33 Obstructive sleep apnea (adult) (pediatric)
  • G47.34 Idiopathic sleep related nonobstructive alveolar hypoventilation
  • G47.35 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome
  • G47.36 Sleep related hypoventilation in conditions classified elsewhere
  • G47.37 Central sleep apnea in conditions classified elsewhere
  • G47.39 Other sleep apnea
G47.4 Narcolepsy and cataplexy
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  • G47.41 Narcolepsy
    • G47.411 ...... with cataplexy
    • G47.419 ...... without cataplexy
  • G47.42 Narcolepsy in conditions classified elsewhere
    • G47.421 ...... with cataplexy
    • G47.429 ...... without cataplexy
G47.5 Parasomnia
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  • G47.50 ...... unspecified
  • G47.51 Confusional arousals
  • G47.52 REM sleep behavior disorder
  • G47.53 Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
  • G47.54 ...... in conditions classified elsewhere
  • G47.59 Other parasomnia
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  • G47.61 Periodic limb movement disorder
  • G47.62 Sleep related leg cramps
  • G47.63 Sleep related bruxism
  • G47.69 Other sleep related movement disorders
G47.8 Other sleep disorders
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G47.9 Sleep disorder, unspecified
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F51 Sleep disorders not due to a substance or known physiological condition

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F51.0 Insomnia not due to a substance or known physiological condition
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  • F51.01 Primary insomnia
  • F51.02 Adjustment insomnia
  • F51.03 Paradoxical insomnia
  • F51.04 Psychophysiologic insomnia
  • F51.05 Insomnia due to other mental disorder
  • F51.09 Other insomnia not due to a substance or known physiological condition
F51.1 Hypersomnia not due to a substance or known physiological condition
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  • F51.11 Primary hypersomnia
  • F51.12 Insufficient sleep syndrome
  • F51.13 Hypersomnia due to other mental disorder
  • F51.19 Other hypersomnia not due to a substance or known physiological condition
F51.3 Sleepwalking [somnambulism]
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F51.4 Sleep terrors [night terrors]
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F51.5 Nightmare disorder
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F51.8 Other sleep disorders not due to a substance or known physiological condition
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F51.9 Sleep disorder not due to a substance or known physiological condition, unspecified
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P28.3

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Applicable To

  • Central sleep apnea of newborn
  • Obstructive sleep apnea of newborn
  • Sleep apnea of newborn NOS

Approximate Synonyms

  • Neonatal primary apnea
  • Primary apnea in the newborn
  • Sleep apnea, primary, neonatal

ICD-11-Beta - 10 Sleep Wake Disorder 2016

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[20]

Insomnia disorders

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  • 8A00 Chronic insomnia
  • 8A01 Short-term insomnia
  • 8A02 Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
  • 8A0Y Other specified insomnia disorders
  • 8A0Z Insomnia disorders, unspecified
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  • 8A10 Restless legs syndrome
  • 8A11 Secondary restless legs syndrome
  • 8A12 Periodic limb movements disorder
  • 8A13 Sleep-related bruxism
  • 8A14 Sleep-related leg cramps
  • 8A15 Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder
  • 8A16 Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy
  • 8A1Y Other specified sleep-related movement disorders
  • 8A1Z Sleep-related movement disorders, unspecified

8A20 Hypersomnolence disorders

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  • 8A20.1 Narcolepsy, Type 1
  • 8A20.2 Narcolepsy, Type 2
  • 8A20.3 Idiopathic hypersomnolence disorder
  • 8A20.4 Kleine-Levin syndrome
  • 8A20.5 Behaviourally induced hypersomnolence
  • 8A20.6 Hypersomnolence due to substances including medications
  • 8A20.Y Other specified hypersomnolence disorders
  • 8A20.Z Hypersomnolence disorders, unspecified
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  • 8A30 Central sleep apnoeas
  • 8A31 Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • 8A32 Sleep-related hypoventilation or hypoxemia disorders
  • 8A3Y Other specified sleep-related breathing disorders
  • 8A3Z Sleep-related breathing disorders, unspecified

Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

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  • 8A40 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, delayed type
  • 8A41 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, advanced type
  • 8A42 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, irregular sleep-wake rhythm type
  • 8A43 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, non-24 hour type
  • 8A44 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, shift work type
  • 8A45 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, jet lag type
  • 8A4Y Other specified circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
  • 8A4Z Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, unspecified

Parasomnia disorders

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Disorders of arousal in non-REM sleep
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  • 8A50 Confusional arousals
  • 8A51 Sleepwalking disorder
  • 8A52 Sleep terrors
  • 8A5Y Other specified disorders of arousal in non-REM sleep
  • 8A5Z Disorders of arousal in non-REM sleep, unspecified
  • 8A60 Sleep-related eating disorder
8A61 REM sleep behavior disorder
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  • 8A62 Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
  • 8A63 Nightmare disorder 8A63 Nightmare disorder
  • 8A64 Hypnogogic exploding head syndrome
  • 8A65 Recurrent isolated sleep-related hallucinations
8A66 Parasomnia disorder due to substances including medications
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  • 8A6Y Other specified parasomnia disorders
  • 8A6Z Parasomnia disorders, unspecified
  • 7B60.1 Nocturnal enuresis
  • 8A70 Disorders of the sleep-wake schedule
  • 8A71 Parasomnia
  • 8A72 Sleeptalking
  • 8A7Y Other specified sleep-wake disorders
  • 8A7Z Sleep-wake disorders, unspecified
  • ME21 Dyssomnia

DSM Classification of Sleep Disorders

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Main article: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) classification of sleep disorder was first introduced in 1968.

DSM II - 1968

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  • Disorders of Sleep

DSM III - 1980

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DSM III-R 1987

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Sleep Disorder

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Dysomnias (disorders of amount, quality or time of sleep)
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Parasomnia (abnormal event during sleep)
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DSM IV TR Sleep Disorders

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ICD-9[21] Sleep Disorders
Primary Sleep Disorders

Dyssomnias

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307.42
Primary Insomnia
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307.44
Primary Hypersomnia Specify if Recurrent
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347.00
Narcolepsy
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780.59
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307.45
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
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327.31 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Type
327.35 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Jet Lag Type
327.36 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Shift Work Type
327.30 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Unspecified Type
307.47 Dyssomnia NOS

Parasomnias

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307.47 Nightmare Disorder
307.46 Sleep Terror Disorder
307.46 Sleepwalking Disorder
307.47 Parasomnia NOS
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307.42 Insomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder]
307.44 Hypersomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder]

Other Sleep disorders

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327.14 Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Hypersomnia Type
327.01 Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Insomnia Type
327.8 Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Mixed Type
327.44 Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Parasomnia Type
291.82 Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder
292.85 Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder
292.85 Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder
292.85 Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder
292.85 Opioid-Induced Sleep Disorder
292.85 Other (or Unknown) Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder

DSM-5 Sleep Wake Disorders

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Major changes from DSM IV

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Sleep-wake disorders comprise 11 diagnostic groups:[22][failed verification][clarification needed]

  1. M00 Insomnia disorder
  2. M01 Hypersomnolence Disorder
  3. M02 Narcolepsy/Hypocretin Deficiency
  4. M03 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
  5. M04 Central Sleep Apnea
  6. M05 Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
  7. M06 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder
  8. M07 Disorder of Arousal
  9. M08 Nightmare Disorder
  10. M09 Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
  11. M10 Restless Legs Syndrome
  12. M11 Substance-Induced Sleep disorder
  13. Sleep-Wake Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified
  14. Insomnia Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
  15. Major Somnolence Disorder (Hypersomnia Not Elsewhere Classified) The following specifiers apply to Sleep-Wake Disorders where indicated: Specify if: Episodic, Persistent, Recurrent Specify if: Acute, Subacute, Persistent Specify current severity: Mild, Moderate, Severe
ICD9-CM ICD10-CM DSM 5

Insomnia disorder

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780.52 G47.00 Insomnia disorder

Specify if: With non-sleep disorder mental comorbidity. With other Medical comorbidity. With other sleep disorder

780.52 G47.09 Other specified insomnia disorder
780.52 G47.00 Unspecified insomnia disorder
780.54 G47.10

Hypersomnolence disorder

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Specify if: With mental disorder. With medical condition. With another sleep disorder

780.54 G47.19 Other specified hypersomnolence disorder
780.54 G47.10 Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder

Narcolepsy

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347.00 G47.419 Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy
347.00 G47.419 Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes
347.00 G47.419 Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency
347.01 G47.411 Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency
347.10 G47.429 Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition
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327.23 G47.33
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
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Central sleep apnea
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780.57 G47.37 Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
327.21 G47.31 Idiopathic central sleep apnea:
786.04 R06.3 Cheyne-Stokes breathing
780.57 G47.37 Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use

Note: First code opioid use disorder, if present.

Specify current severity

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327.24 G47.34 Idiopathic hypoventilation
327.25 G47.35 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation
327.26 G47.36 Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation
Primary Alveolar Hypoventilation
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Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

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307.45 G47.22 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Advanced sleep phase type
307.45 G47.21 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Delayed sleep phase type
307.45 G47.23 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Irregular sleep-wake type
307.45 G47.24 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
307.45 G47.26 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Shift work type
307.45 G47.20 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Unspecified type

Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep arousal disorders

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307.46 F51.4 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleep terror type
307.46 F51.3 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleepwalking type
Nightmare disorder
307.47 F51.5 Nightmare disorder
327.42 G47.52

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder

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333.94 G25.81 Restless legs syndrome

Medication-induced sleep disorder

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291.82 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Cannabis-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Opioid-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder
292.85 Tobacco-induced sleep disorder
780.54 G47.19 Other Specified Hypersomnolence Disorder
780.54 G47.10 Unspecified Hypersomnolence Disorder

Disorder of Arousal

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Confusional Arousals
Sleepwalking
Sleep terrors
780.59 G47.8

Other specified sleep-wake disorder

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780.59 G47.9

Unspecified sleep-wake disorder

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Espie, Colin A; Morin, Charles M, eds. (2012). Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleep Disorders - Oxford Handbooks. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376203.001.0001. ISBN 9780195376203. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  2. ^ Chokroverty, Sudhansu; Billiard, Michel (2015-09-22). Sleep Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide to Its Development, Clinical Milestones, and Advances in Treatment. Springer. ISBN 9781493920891. Archived from the original on 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  3. ^ Roger, H (1932). "Troubles du Sommeil". Masson et Cie, 1932; 275–83.
  4. ^ Kleitman, N. (1939). Sleep and Wakefulness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 280–9.
  5. ^ Broughton, R. J. (1968-03-08). "Sleep disorders: disorders of arousal? Enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares occur in confusional states of arousal, not in "dreaming sleep"". Science. 159 (3819): 1070–1078. doi:10.1126/science.159.3819.1070. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 4865791. S2CID 11147846.
  6. ^ Bickelmann, A. G.; Burwell, C. S.; Robin, E. D.; Whaley, R. D. (1956-11-01). "Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation; a Pickwickian syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 21 (5): 811–818. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(56)90094-8. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 13362309.
  7. ^ Weitzman, E. D.; Czeisler, C. A.; Coleman, R. M.; Spielman, A. J.; Zimmerman, J. C.; Dement, W.; Richardson, G.; Pollak, C. P. (1981-07-01). "Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 38 (7): 737–746. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780320017001. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 7247637.
  8. ^ a b "International Classification of Diseases, Revision 7 (1955)". www.wolfbane.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  9. ^ a b "International Classification of Diseases, Revision 8 (1965)". www.wolfbane.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  10. ^ a b "International Classification of Diseases, Revision 9 (1975)". www.wolfbane.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  11. ^ "International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10 (1990)". www.wolfbane.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  12. ^ "ICD-10-CM". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  13. ^ "ICD11 Alpha : Morbidity". October 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
  14. ^ Howard, P. Roffwarg (1979). "Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders. 1979 first edition. Association of Sleep Disorders Centers and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep". Sleep. 2 (1): 1–154. doi:10.1093/sleep/2.1.1. PMID 531417.
  15. ^ Thorpy, M. J. (1990-01-01). "Classification of sleep disorders". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 7 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1097/00004691-199001000-00006. ISSN 0736-0258. PMC 3480567. PMID 2406285.
  16. ^ a b THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SLEEP DISORDERS, REVISED Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, IL 60154-5767, U.S.A: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2001. ISBN 0-9657220-1-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders - Third Edition. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
  18. ^ "Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology (ICD-NA) - WHO - OMS -". June 2, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-06-02.
  19. ^ "ICD-10-CM 2016". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  20. ^ "ICD11 Alpha : Morbidity". October 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
  21. ^ "Sleep Disorders". DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS. WASHINGTON, DC, USA: AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 2005. ISBN 0-89042-062-9.
  22. ^ "DSM-5 Changes: Sleep-Wake Disorders". Psych Central.com. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
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