Most regions of Japan, such as Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, belong to the temperate zone with humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by four distinct seasons. However, its climate varies from cold humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) in the north such as northern Hokkaido, to warm tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as the Yaeyama Islands and Minami-Tori-shima.
Climate zones
edit
Japan's varied geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones.
- Hokkaido belongs to the humid continental climate, with long, very cold winters and warm, cool summers. Precipitation is sparse; however, winter brings large snowfalls of hundreds of inches in areas such as Sapporo and Asahikawa.
- In the Sea of Japan, the northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfall, which south of Tōhoku mostly melts before the beginning of spring. In summer, it is a little less rainy than the Pacific area but sometimes experiences extreme high temperatures because of the foehn wind phenomenon.
- Central Highland: a typical inland climate gives large temperature variations between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is lower than on the coast because of rain shadow effects.
- Seto Inland Sea: the mountains in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions block the seasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout the year.
- Pacific Ocean: the climate varies greatly between the north and the south, but generally winters are significantly milder and sunnier than those of the side that faces the Sea of Japan. Summers are hot because of the southeast seasonal wind. Precipitation is very heavy in the south and heavy in the summer in the north. The climate of the Ogasawara Islands ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) to tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with temperatures being warm to hot all year round.
- The climate of the Ryukyu Islands ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north to a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very high and is especially affected by the rainy season and typhoons.
Precipitation
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Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity.[1] Because of its wide range of latitude,[1] seasonal winds and different types of ocean currents,[citation needed] Japan has a variety of climates, with a latitude range of the inhabited islands from 24°N – 46°N, which is comparable to the range between Nova Scotia and The Bahamas in the east coast of North America.[1] Tokyo is between 35°N – 36°N, which is comparable to that of Tehran, Athens, or Las Vegas.[1]
As Mount Fuji and the Japanese coastal Alps provide a rain shadow, Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures receive the least precipitation in Honshu, though it still exceeds 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. A similar effect is found in Hokkaido, where Okhotsk Subprefecture receives as little as 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. All other prefectures have coasts on the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, and Seto Inland Sea, or have a body of salt water connected to them. Two prefectures—Hokkaido and Okinawa—are composed entirely of islands.
Seasons
editSummer
editThe climate from June to September is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.[1] These air flows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land.[1] There is a marked rainy season, beginning in early June and continuing for about a month.[1] It is followed by hot, sticky weather.[1] Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early October, sometimes resulting in significant damage.[1] Annual precipitation averages between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (40 and 100 in) except for the areas such as Kii Peninsula and Yakushima Island which is Japan's wettest place[2] with the annual precipitation is one of the world's highest at 4,000 to 10,000 mm.[3]
Maximum precipitation, like the rest of East Asia, occurs in the summer months except on the Sea of Japan coast where strong northerly winds produce a maximum in late autumn and early winter. Except for a few sheltered inland valleys during December and January, precipitation in Japan is above 25 millimetres (1 in) of rainfall equivalent in all months of the year, and in the wettest coastal areas it is above 100 millimetres (4 in) per month throughout the year.
Mid-June to mid-July is generally the rainy season in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, excluding Hokkaidō since the seasonal rain front or tsuyu zensen (梅雨前線) dissipates in northern Honshu before reaching Hokkaido. In Okinawa, the rainy season starts early in May and continues until mid-June. Unlike the rainy season in mainland Japan, it rains neither every day nor all day long during the rainy season in Okinawa. Between July and October, typhoons, grown from tropical depressions generated near the equator, can attack Japan with furious rainstorms.
Winter
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In winter, the Siberian High develops over the Eurasian land mass and the Aleutian Low develops over the northern Pacific Ocean.[1] The result is a flow of cold air southeastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan, but clear skies to areas fronting on the Pacific.[1]
The warmest winter temperatures are found in the Nanpō and Bonin Islands, which enjoy a tropical climate due to the combination of latitude, distance from the Asian continent, and warming effect of winds from the Kuroshio, as well as the Volcano Islands (at the latitude of the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, 24° N). The coolest summer temperatures are found on the northeastern coast of Hokkaidō in Kushiro and Nemuro Subprefectures.
Sunshine
editSunshine, in accordance with Japan's uniformly heavy rainfall, is generally modest in quantity, though no part of Japan receives the consistently gloomy fogs that envelope the Sichuan Basin or Taipei. Amounts range from about six hours per day on the Inland Sea coast and sheltered parts of the Pacific Coast and Kantō Plain to four hours per day on the Sea of Japan coast of Hokkaidō. In December there is a very pronounced sunshine gradient between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific coasts, as the former side can receive less than 30 hours and the Pacific side as much as 180 hours. In summer, however, sunshine hours are lowest on exposed parts of the Pacific coast where fogs from the Oyashio current create persistent cloud cover similar to that found on the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
Extreme temperature records
editThe highest recorded temperature in Japan was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) on 23 July 2018, an unverified record of 42.7 °C was taken in Adachi, Tokyo on 20 July 2004. The high humidity and the maritime influence make temperatures in the 40s rare, with summers dominated by a more stable subtropical monsoon pattern through most of Japan. The lowest was −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) in Asahikawa on 25 January 1902. However an unofficial −41.5 °C was taken in Bifuka on 27 January 1931. Mount Fuji broke the Japanese record lows for each month except January, February, March, and December. Record lows for any month were taken as recently as 1984.
Minami-Tori-shima has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) and the highest average temperature in Japan of 25 degrees Celsius.[4]
Climate data
edit| Climate data for Japan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.3 (91.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.2 (104.4) |
41.1 (106.0) |
41.0 (105.8) |
40.4 (104.7) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
41.1 (106.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.0 (−41.8) |
−38.3 (−36.9) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−34.2 (−29.6) |
−41.0 (−41.8) |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[citation needed] and [5] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Tokyo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1875–present) (Köppen Cfa) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.1 (102.4) |
38.1 (100.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
39.5 (103.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.2 (15.4) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.7 (2.35) |
56.5 (2.22) |
116.0 (4.57) |
133.7 (5.26) |
139.7 (5.50) |
167.8 (6.61) |
156.2 (6.15) |
154.7 (6.09) |
224.9 (8.85) |
234.8 (9.24) |
96.3 (3.79) |
57.9 (2.28) |
1,598.2 (62.92) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 4 (1.6) |
4 (1.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
8 (3.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 5.3 | 6.1 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 12.8 | 12.0 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 116.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 52 | 57 | 62 | 68 | 75 | 76 | 74 | 75 | 71 | 64 | 56 | 65 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−4 (25) |
1 (34) |
8 (46) |
13 (55) |
18 (64) |
22 (72) |
23 (73) |
19 (66) |
12 (54) |
6 (43) |
−1 (30) |
9 (49) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.6 | 170.4 | 175.3 | 178.8 | 179.6 | 124.2 | 151.4 | 174.2 | 126.7 | 129.4 | 149.8 | 174.4 | 1,926.7 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency[6][7][8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[9] Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)[10] | |||||||||||||
| Record high temperatures | Record low temperatures | ||||||||
| Month | °C | °F | Location | Date | °C | °F | Location | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 29.7 | 85.5 | Minami-Tori-shima | 7 January 1954 | −41.0 | −41.8 | Asahikawa, Hokkaido | 25 January 1902 | |
| February | 29.0 | 84.2 | Minami-Tori-shima | 25 February 2001 | −38.3 | −36.9 | Asahikawa, Hokkaido | 11 February 1902 | |
| March | 30.2 | 86.4 | Minami-Tori-shima | 22 March 1999 | −35.2 | −31.4 | Obihiro, Hokkaido | 3 March 1895 | |
| April | 33.3 | 91.9 | Shizuoka | 29 April 2005 | −27.8 | −18.0 | Mount Fuji | 3 April 1965 | |
| May | 39.5 | 103.1 | Saroma | 26 May 2019 | −18.9 | −2.0 | Mount Fuji | 3 May 1934 | |
| June | 40.2 | 104.4 | Isesaki | 25 June 2022 | −13.1 | 8.4 | Mount Fuji | 2 June 1981 | |
| July | 41.1 | 106.0 | Kumagaya, Saitama | 23 July 2018 | −6.9 | 19.6 | Mount Fuji | 4 July 1966 | |
| August | 41.0 | 105.8 | Ekawaski, Kochi | 12 August 2013 | −4.3 | 24.3 | Mount Fuji | 25 August 1972 | |
| September | 40.4 | 104.7 | Sanjō, Niigata | 3 September 2020 | −10.8 | 12.6 | Mount Fuji | 23 September 1976 | |
| October | 35.1 | 95.2 | Itoigawa, Niigata | 9 October 2013 | −19.5 | −3.2 | Mount Fuji | 30 October 1984 | |
| November | 34.2 | 94.4 | Minami-Tori-shima | 4 November 1953 | −28.1 | −18.6 | Mount Fuji | 30 November 1970 | |
| December | 31.6 | 88.9 | Minami-Tori-shima | 5 December 1952 | −34.2 | −29.6 | Obihiro, Hokkaido | 30 December 1907 | |
| Record high temperatures | Record low temperatures | ||||||||
| Season | °C | °F | Location | Date | °C | °F | Location | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winter | 31.6 | 88.9 | Minami-Tori-shima | 5 December 1952 | −41.0 | −41.8 | Asahikawa, Hokkaido | 25 January 1902 | |
| Spring | 39.5 | 103.1 | Saroma, Hokkaido | 26 May 2019 | −35.2 | −31.4 | Obihiro, Hokkaido | 3 March 1895 | |
| Summer | 41.1 | 106.0 | Kumagaya, Saitama | 23 July 2018 | −13.1 | 8.4 | Mount Fuji | 2 June 1981 | |
| Autumn | 40.4 | 104.7 | Sanjō, Niigata | 3 September 2020 | −28.1 | −18.6 | Mount Fuji | 30 November 1970 | |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dolan, Ronald E.; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1992). Japan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 72–84. ISBN 0-8444-0731-3. OCLC 24247433.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Japan Climate Charts Index". Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Yakushima World Heritage property". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Japan Climate Index". Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Nature". 8 January 2017. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値） (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値） (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（ 年間を通じての値） (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ "Tokyo, Japan - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Tokyo". Time and Date. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
