| Salix caroliniana | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | Salix |
| Species: | S. caroliniana
|
| Binomial name | |
| Salix caroliniana | |
| |
| Generalized natural range | |
Description
editSalix caroliniana, commonly known as the coastal plain willow, is a shrub or small tree[2] native to the southeastern United States, Mexico and parts of Central America and the Caribbean. It is an obligate wetland species and grows as an emergent species in the Everglades. In the absence of fire, S. caroliniana can convert herbaceous wetlands to forested wetlands.
Salix caroliniana flowers in the early spring, either before or together with the emergence of leaves. In Alachua County, Florida in 1982, flowering was recorded during February and March.[3]
The species was first described by French naturalist André Michaux in 1803 in his Flora Boreali-Americana.[4]
The male flowers provide pring pollen for bees. It is a larval host to the black-waved flannel moth, the blinded sphinx, the cecropia moth, the elm sphinx, the imperial moth, the Io moth, the modest sphinx, the mourning cloak, the polyphemus moth, the promethea moth, the red-spotted purple, and the viceroy.[5]
Distribution and habitat
editSalix caroliniana is distributed in the southeastern United States in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Tennessee, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.[6] Salix caroliniana is often found in wetland habitats like swamps, rivers, and marshes particularly in the coastal plain.[7] Salix caroliniana has an important role in stabilizing soil in riparian areas and also provide habitat for many species of wildlife.[6]
Ethnobotany
editSalix caroliniana is and was historically used by Native Americans for many things like basket weaving and structure building due to their ability to bend without breaking.[8] The genus Salix is also known for symbolic traits in Native American culture, these include flexibility, resilience, and creativity.[8]
Salix caroliniana is fed to exotic herbivores like Giraffa camelopardalis, Tragelaphus angasi, Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci, Diceros bicornis minor, and Loxodonta africana africana at Disney's Animal Kingdom Theme Park.[9] Salix caroliniana has a high dry matter content which contains protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.[10]
Conservation Status
editSalix caroliniana is critically imperiled in Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Salix caroliniana is vulnerable in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Salix caroliniana is apparently secure in North Carolina and West Virginia. Salix caroliniana is secure in Kentucky and Virginia. Salix caroliniana has no status rank in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas.[11]
Management
editSalix caroliniana has the ability to establish and grown in herbaceous wetlands. Prescribed fires are often used to manage these events.[12] Fires kill large woody stems and the species sprouts readily after fire. As a result, the total number of stems does not change, but fire converts S. caroliniana from a tree into a shrub.[2] Dormant season fires have been shown to reduce Salix caroliniana cover and basal area. Repeated fires have greater effects than single fire events.[12]
References
edit
- ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Salix caroliniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T126589170A126591040. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T126589170A126591040.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b Lee, Mary Ann B.; Kenneth L. Snyder; Patricia Valentine-Darby; Steven J. Miller; Kimberli J. Ponzio (2005). "Dormant Season Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool for the Control of Salix caroliniana Michx. in a Floodplain Marsh". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 13 (4): 479–487. Bibcode:2005WetEM..13..479L. doi:10.1007/s11273-004-2211-2. S2CID 21382518.
- ^ Patton, Janet Easterday; Walter S. Judd (1988). "A Phenological Study of 20 Vascular Plant Species Occurring on the Paynes Prairie Basin, Alachua County, Florida". Castanea. 53 (2). Southern Appalachian Botanical Society: 149–163.
- ^ Salix caroliniana Michx. Tropicos.
- ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
- ^ a b Argus, George W. (1986). "The Genus Salix (Salicaceae) in the Southeastern United States". Systematic Botany Monographs. 9: 1–170. doi:10.2307/25027618. ISSN 0737-8211. JSTOR 25027618.
- ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ a b Ball, Carleton R. (1949). "The Willows: Helpers of Man". The Scientific Monthly. 69 (1): 48–55. Bibcode:1949SciMo..69...48B. ISSN 0096-3771. JSTOR 19836.
- ^ Lavin, S. R.; Sullivan, K. E.; Wooley, S. C.; Robinson, R.; Singh, S.; Stone, K.; Russell, S.; Valdes, E. V. (2015-09-03). "Nutrient and plant secondary compound composition and iron-binding capacity in leaves and green stems of commonly used plant browse (Carolina willow; Salix caroliniana) fed to zoo-managed browsing herbivores". Zoo Biology. 34 (6): 565–575. doi:10.1002/zoo.21244. ISSN 0733-3188. PMID 26335927.
- ^ Lavin, S. R.; Sullivan, K. E.; Wooley, S. C.; Robinson, R.; Singh, S.; Stone, K.; Russell, S.; Valdes, E. V. (November 2015). "Nutrient and plant secondary compound composition and iron-binding capacity in leaves and green stems of commonly used plant browse (Carolina willow; Salix caroliniana ) fed to zoo-managed browsing herbivores". Zoo Biology. 34 (6): 565–575. doi:10.1002/zoo.21244. ISSN 0733-3188. PMID 26335927.
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ^ a b Lee, Mary Ann B.; Snyder, Kenneth L.; Valentine-Darby, Patricia; Miller, Steven J.; Ponzio, Kimberli J. (2005-08-01). "Dormant Season Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool for the Control of Salix caroliniana Michx. in a Floodplain Marsh". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 13 (4): 479–487. Bibcode:2005WetEM..13..479L. doi:10.1007/s11273-004-2211-2. ISSN 1572-9834. S2CID 21382518.