Columnea consanguinea is a species of flowering plants in the genus Columnea. They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama. They are distinctive for possessing red translucent heart-shaped markings on their leaves that serve to attract their main pollinators - the hummingbird Heliodoxa jacula - to their more inconspicuous flowers.
| Columnea consanguinea | |
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| The leaves of Columnea consanguinea have characteristic red heart-shaped markings on their lower surfaces | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Gesneriaceae |
| Genus: | Columnea |
| Species: | C. consanguinea
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| Binomial name | |
| Columnea consanguinea | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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The species was first described by Johannes von Hanstein in 1865. It is classified under the family Gesneriaceae.
Description
editColumnea consanguinea is a shrub-like herb with unbranched pale brown and hairy stems that grow to a maximum length of around 1 to 1.2 m (3.3 to 3.9 ft) long. Their leaves are borne on stalks around 1 cm (0.39 in) in length, and arranged in an opposite pattern along the stems. However, one leaf in each pair is a great deal smaller than the other leaf, giving the impression that the leaves are arranged alternately.[2]
The larger leaf blades are lanceolate with unequal sides. They are about 12 to 16 centimetres (4.7 to 6.3 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) wide. They are smooth on the upper surface and slightly hairy on the lower surface. They are predominantly dark green in color but bear characteristic translucent bright red heart-shaped markings on the underside of their leaves. The markings are visible on the upper surface as yellow-green areas. The smaller leaves in the pairs are only 1 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) in length, and about 0.8 cm (0.31 in) in width. They are located flush to the stems and look like small sheaths.[2][3]
The small tubular flowers arise from the stem near the bases of the leaves. They are about 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 0.8 cm (0.31 in) wide. The petals are pale yellow in color while the calyx can be green to red. They bloom all throughout the year and develop into small numerous yellow fruits.[2]
Columnea consanguinea closely resemble Columnea florida. The latter also has red heart-shaped markings on their leaves but can be distinguished by the teeth-like (pectinate) edges of their flower calyces.[3]
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Ecology
editColumnea consanguinea have relatively small and drab flowers. In order to attract their main pollinators, the nectarivorous green-crowned brilliant (Heliodoxa jacula),[4][5] they instead use the markings on their leaves. Sunlight filtering through the translucent patches on their leaves give them a brilliant red color, reminiscent of stained-glass windows.[6] Hummingbirds, like all birds, possess excellent color vision greater than that of humans. They are attracted to the red color of the markings and can then find their way to the flowers to feed. In doing so, they pollinate the flowers of C. consanguinea.[7]
The same strategy is used by C. florida, which also have red markings on their leaves.[8]
Distribution and habitat
editColumnea consanguinea grow in tropical rainforests at altitudes of 300 to 1,900 m (980 to 6,230 ft) above sea level. They can be found either growing on the ground (terrestrial) or on the trunks of trees (epiphytic).[2] They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.[9][10]
Taxonomy and nomenclature
editColumnea consanguinea was first described by the German botanist Johannes von Hanstein in 1865. Though Hanstein mistakenly assumed that the type specimens were from the Philippines,[11] they were actually collected by the German botanist Hermann Wendland on March 24, 1857 from Costa Rica.[12]
The generic name Columnea was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Latinized spelling of the name of the 16th-century Italian botanist Fabio Colonna (Latin: Fabius Columnus).[13] Hanstein did not explain the etymology of the specific epithet, but consanguinea is Latin for "with blood".[14]
It is classified under the genus Columnea in the tribe Episcieae, subfamily Gesnerioideae, of the family Gesneriaceae.[9] The German botanist Hans Wiehler reclassified it under a separate genus as Dalbergaria consanguinea in 1973. Wiehler's classification, however, has not gained acceptance among other specialists. Most notably, the American botanist Laurence Skog of the Smithsonian Institution prefers to treat them as belonging to the genus Columnea.[15][16]
Three varieties are currently recognized:[9][10]
- Columnea consanguinea var. adpressa B.D. Morley
- - Found in Costa Rica and Panama
- Columnea consanguinea var. consanguinea Hanst.
- (=) Dalbergaria consanguinea (Hanst.) Wiehler
- - Found in Antioquia, Chocó, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca of Colombia, Esmeraldas in Ecuador, and Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama.
- Columnea consanguinea var. darienensis (C.V. Morton) B.D. Morley
- (=) Columnea darienensis C.V. Morton
- (=) Dalbergaria darienensis (C.V. Morton) Wiehler
- - Found in the Darién Gap region in the border between Colombia and Panama
References
edit- ^ Hans Wiehler (1973). "One hundred transfers from Alloplectus and Columnea (Gesneriaceae)". Phytologia. 27 (5): 309–329. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.13920.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d Margaret B. Gargiullo; Barbara L. Magnuson; Larry D. Kimball (2008). A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-518824-0.
- ^ a b Conrad Vernon Morton (1938). "Gesneriaceae". In Paul C. Standley (ed.). Flora of Costa Rica. Botanical Series, Volume XVIII, Part IV. Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 1160–1170.
- ^ Abel Almarales-Castro; Charles B. Fenster (2008). "An evaluation of pollination syndromes in Antillean Gesneriaceae: evidence for bat, hummingbird and generalized flowers". In Silvana Marten Rodriguez (ed.). Evolution of pollination and breeding systems of Antillean Gesneriaceae. pp. 69, 71. ISBN 978-0-549-96589-3.
- ^ Anton Weber; Laurence E. Skog (January 5, 2007). "Columnea s. lat". The Genera of Gesneriaceae. Basic information with illustration of selected species. Ed. 2. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea consanguinea". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Presenter: David Attenborough (January 25, 1995). "Flowering". The Private Life of Plants. 7:47 minutes in. BBC. BBC One.
- ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea florida". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ a b c Laurence Skog (April 20, 2009). "Columnea consanguinea Hanst". Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ a b L.E. Skog; J.K. Boggan (2007). "World Checklist of Gesneriaceae". Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Johannes von Hanstein (1865). "Die Gesneraceen des K. Herbariums und der Gärten zu Berlin, nebst monographischer Uehersicht der Familie im Ganzen". Linnaea (in German and Latin). 34 (3): 383–384.
- ^ "Type of Columnea consanguinea Hanst". JSTOR Plant Science. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Anton Weber & Laurence E. Skog (July 13, 2007). "Columnea s.str. (sensu Wiehler 1983)". The Genera of Gesneriaceae. Basic information with illustration of selected species. Ed. 2. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ "consanguineous". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Hans Wiehler (1973). "One hundred transfers from Alloplectus and Columnea (Gesneriaceae)". Phytologia. 27 (5): 309–329. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.13920.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Ron Myhr. "Columnea". The Gesneriad Reference Web. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.