The Commemorative Medal of the Campaign in China was a decoration granted by the Kingdom of Italy to personnel who served in 1900–1901 in the military campaign of the Eight-Nation Alliance, which intervened in the Boxer Rebellion in China to relieve the siege of the International Legations in Peking, and its immediate aftermath. A "China" variant of the medal later was created to recognize service on occupation duty in China between 1902 and 1908. Both variants of the medal were abolished in 2011 after the Italian Republic deemed them obsolete.
| Commemorative Medal of the Campaign in China | |
|---|---|
 The obverse of the medal. | |
| Type | Commemorative medal |
| Awarded for | Service in China during the intervention against the Boxer Rebellion in 1900–1901 |
| Presented by | Kingdom of Italy |
| Eligibility | Royal Army, Regia Marina, and civilian personnel |
| Status | Abolished 10 February 2011 |
| Established | 23 June 1901 |
| Total | 2,325 |
 Ribbon of the medal | |
| Commemorative Medal of the Campaign in China "China" variant | |
|---|---|
| Type | Commemorative medal |
| Awarded for | Service in China between 1 January 1902 and 31 March 1908 or for Regia Marina service in Korea between 9 January 1904 and 31 March 1908 |
| Presented by | Kingdom of Italy |
| Eligibility | Royal Army, Regia Marina, and civilian personnel |
| Status | Abolished 10 February 2011 |
| Established | 23 April 1903 |
| Total | 736 |
Ribbon of the medal | |
Background
editThe Boxer Rebellion was an anti-colonialist and anti-Christian movement of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Yìhéquán),[1] known in English as the "Boxers," which took place in China between November 1899 and 7 September 1901. The uprising was a reaction to Western and Japanese imperialist expansion in China that included European opium merchants, political invasion, economic manipulation, and missionary evangelization. In 1898, local organizations in Shantung (now Shandong) rebelled in response to both imperialist expansion and internal Chinese problems such as the Qing dynasty's fiscal crisis and natural disasters. Initially the Qing dynasty repressed the rebellion, but the dynasty later attempted to take advantage of the rebellion to free China from foreign influence. With the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners" ("扶清灭洋"), the Boxers attacked missionary settlements throughout northern China. Many thousands of Chinese Christians were killed[2] because the Boxers considered them responsible for foreign domination in China.
The foreign powers whose commercial interests in China were threatened did not take long to react to the Boxer uprising. By the end of May 1900, ships of the British Royal Navy, Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy"), and United States Navy were at anchor off Tientsin (now Tianjin), the port in northeastern China closest to Peking (now Beijing), and a first armed contingent composed of 75 French, 75 Russian, 75 British, 60 American, 50 German, 40 Italian, and 30 Austro-Hungarian military personnel were marching toward Peking.
In June 1900 Boxer fighters, either lightly armed or unarmed, gathered in Peking to besiege the foreign embassies there, killing 230 foreigners, including many diplomats. Foreign diplomats, civilians, and military personnel and some Chinese Christians retreated to the Peking Legation Quarter, where they endured a siege of the International Legations for 55 days. On 21 June 1900, the conservative party in the Chinese Imperial Court induced Empress Dowager Cixi, who ruled China in the emperor's name, to declare war on foreign powers that had diplomatic representation in Peking. Meanwhile, Austria-Hungary, the British Empire, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Japanese Empire, the Russian Empire, and the United States formed the Eight-Nation Alliance to intervene in the rebellion and relieve the siege. On 5 July 1900 the Italian parliament authorized the creation of a relief force of around 2,000 men under the command of Collonnello ("Colonel") Vincenzo Garioni. Ultimately, the alliance brought a force of 20,000 armed military personnel – the Gaselee Expedition – to Peking, which lifted the siege of the legations in the Battle of Peking on 14–15 October 1900 and then occupied the city. The Eight-Nation Alliance was responsible for the looting of many historical artifacts of Chinese origin, such as those found in the Summer Palace, and instigated the burning of many important Chinese buildings in an attempt to rout the Boxer rebels.[3]
Empress Dowager Cixi, the emperor, and the highest officials of the Chinese government fled from the imperial palace at the Forbidden City in Peking to Hsi-an (now Xian) and sent Li Hongzhang to begin peace negotiations. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 finally ended the uprising and provided for severe punishment of China, including compensation of £67 million[4] in the form of 450 million taels of silver, to be paid over the course of 39 years to the eight countries of the alliance. This greatly weakened the Qing dynasty, which eventually was overthrown in the 1911 Revolution, which led to the creation of the Republic of China.
History
editKing Victor Emmanuel III of Italy established the Commemorative Medal of the Campaign in China with a royal decree of 23 June 1901 to commemorate participation in the Italian intervention in China against the Boxers in 1900–1901.[5] With a royal decree of 23 April 1903, the king established the "China" variant of the medal to recognize occupation service in China between 1902 and 1908.[6]
After deeming the medal obsolete, the Italian Republic abolished it with a legislative decree on 13 December 2010. The abolition took effect on 10 February 2011.[7]
The medal was minted by the mint in Rome, as well as by other companies that obtained a contract to produce it. A total of 2,325 examples of the medal were awarded, and today it is one of the rarest in the world of Italian collecting.
Eligibiity
editOriginal medal
editEligibility for the original medal extended to:[5]
- Personnel of the Italian Royal Army (Italian: Regio Esercito) who took part in the expedition against the Boxers in 1900 or the subsequent protection of the embassies in Peking during 1900–1901;
- Personnel of the Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") who served ashore in China during these operations;
- Personnel aboard ships of the Regia Marina′s Oceanic Naval Force (Italian: Forza Navale Oceanica) or Italian government-chartered steamers which operated off China north of 22 degrees north latitude during these operations; and
- Civilians who in any way contributed to the military operations of the expeditionary force in China.
Eligibility for the original medal did not extend to service later than 31 December 1901.[5]
"China" variant
editEligibility for the "China" variant of the medal extended to Royal Army, Regia Marina, and civilian personnel who served in China on or after 1 January 1902, provided they were considered to be on a "war footing" while there.[6] Royal Decree Number 195 of 21 April 1904 declared that personnel of the Regia Marina who served on the Korean Peninsula after 9 January 1904 were "on a war footing" and also eligible for the "China" variant.
A royal decree of 15 March 1908 set 31 March 1908 as the final date for service in China or Korea to be eligible for the "China" variant.[8] A total of 736 examples of the "China" variant were awarded.
Appearance
editOriginal medal
editThe medal consisted of a bronze disc 32 millimetres (1¼ inches) in diameter bearing on the obverse the face of King Victor Emmanuel III facing right, encircled by the inscription "VITTORIO EMANUELE III RE D'ITALIA" (VICTOR EMMANUEL III KING OF ITALY), with the words Regia Zecca ("Royal Mint") inscribed under the king's neck. On the reverse was the inscription "CINA 1900–1901" (CHINA 1900–1901) surrounded by two laurel branches in the form of a crown tied at the bottom with a ribbon.
"China" variant
editThe "China" variant of the medal was identical to the original medal, except that the inscription on the reverse was simply "CINA" ("CHINA"), with no indication of dates.[6]
Ribbon
editBoth versions of the medal were worn on the left side of the chest, suspended from a ribbon that was 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide, yellow-gold in color, with blue edges 3 millimetres (0.12 in) wide and crossed by two vertical lines, also blue, 5 millimetres (0.20 in) wide and 10 millimetres (0.39 in) apart.
The founding decree for the medal of 1901 prohibited wearing the ribbon without the medal,[5] but Royal Decree Number 470 of 29 July 1906 authorized bearers of either version of the medal to wear only the ribbon.
Clasp
editRoyal Decree Number 96 of 15 March 1908 established a silver clasp for the original medal bearing the inscription "CINA 1900–1901" ("CHINA 1900–1901") and mandated that it be worn on the ribbon of the original medal to distinguish it from the "China" variant of the medal.[8]
See also
editReferences
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Esherick, p. 154.
- ^ San Remi Isoré Gesuita martire in Cina (in Italian)
- ^ Kenneth G. Clark THE BOXER UPRISING 1899 – 1900. Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Russo-Japanese War Research Society
- ^ Spence, In Search of Modern China, pp. 230–235; Keith Schoppa, Revolution and Its Past, pp. 118–123.
- ^ a b c d Royal Decree Number 338 of 23 June 1901, Col quale viene istituita una medaglia commemorativa della campagna nell'Estremo Oriente (Cina) ("With which a commemorative medal for the campaign in the Far East (China) is established"), published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia ("Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy") Number 172 of 19 July 1901.
- ^ a b c Royal Decree Number 176 of 23 April 1903, Concernente autorizzazione per fregiarsi della medaglia istituita con R. decreto 23 giugno 1901 n. 328 ("Concerning authorization to bear the medal established with R. decree 23 June 1901 n. 328"), published in Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia ("Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy") Number 115 of 16 May 1903.
- ^ Regolamento recante abrogazione espressa delle norme regolamentari vigenti che hanno esaurito la loro funzione o sono prive di effettivo contenuto normativo o sono comunque obsolete, a norma dell′articolo 17, comma 4-ter, della legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400 ("Regulation expressly repealing the regulatory provisions in force which have exhausted their function or are devoid of effective regulatory content or are in any case obsolete, pursuant to article 17, paragraph 4-ter, of law 23 August 1988, n. 400") (DPR) (in Italian). 13 December 2010. in G. U. serie generale n. 20 del 26 gennaio 2011, supplemento ordinario n. 18, in vigore dal 10 febbraio 2011 ("Official Journal general series n. 20 of 26 January 2011, ordinary supplement n. 18, in force from 10 February 2011").
- ^ a b Royal Decree Number 96 of 15 March 1908, Che fissa il termine col quale cessa pei militari dell'esercito e dell'armata il diritto a conseguire la medaglia col motto «Cina» (""), published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia ("Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy") Number 75 of 30 March 1908.
Bibliography
edit- Brambilla, Johnathon D. (1997). Le medaglie italiane negli ultimi 200 anni (two volumes) (in Italian). Milan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ercoli, Ercole (1976). Le Medaglie al Valore, al Merito e Commemorative – Militari e Civili nei Regni di Sardegna, d'Italia e nella Repubblica Italiana – 1793–1976 (in Italian). Milan: I.D.L.
- Esherick, Joseph W. (1987). The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
- Manno, Roberto (1995). Duecento anni di medaglie. I segni del valore e della partecipazione ad eventi storici dal 1793 al 1993 (in Italian). Hobby & Work Publishing. ISBN 88-7133-191-5.
- Morittu, Giuseppe (1982), Guerre e decorazioni 1848 – 1945 (in Italian), Rome: Bolzonella s.n.c
- Morittu, Giuseppe (1982). Meriti e decorazioni 1839 – 1945 (in Italian). Padua, Italy: CS.
- Scarpa, Costantino; Sézanne, Paolo (1982–1985). Le decorazioni del Regno di Sardegna e del Regno d'Italia (two volumes) (in Italian). Uffici storici Esercito – Marina – Aeronautica.
- Spence, Roberto (1999). The Search for Modern China. New York: Norton.