Indotyphlops braminus, commonly known as the brahminy blind snake[4] and other names, is a non-venomous blind snake species, found mostly in Africa and Asia, and has been introduced in many other parts of the world. It is a completely fossorial (i.e., burrowing) reptile, with habits and appearance similar to an earthworm, for which it is often mistaken, although close examination reveals tiny scales and eyes rather than the annular segments characteristic of a true earthworm. The species is parthenogenetic and all known specimens have been female.[5] The specific name is a Latinized form of the word Brahmin. No subspecies are currently recognized as being valid.[4]
| Indotyphlops braminus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | Indotyphlops |
| Species: | I. braminus
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| Binomial name | |
| Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)
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| Synonyms | |
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Description
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Adults of I. braminus measure 2–4 inches (5.1–10.2 cm) long, uncommonly to 6 inches (15 cm), making it the smallest known snake species. The head and tail are superficially similar as the head and neck are indistinct. Unlike other snakes, the head scales resemble the body scales. The eyes are barely discernible as small dots under the head scales. The tip of the tail has a small, pointed spur. Along the body are fourteen rows of dorsal scales. Coloration ranges from charcoal gray, silver-gray, light yellow-beige, purplish, or infrequently albino, the ventral surface more pale. Coloration of the juvenile form is similar to that of the adult. Behavior ranges from lethargic in appropriate habitat to energetic, quickly seeking the cover of soil or leaf litter to avoid light.[6][7][8]
The tiny eyes are covered with translucent scales, rendering this snake almost entirely blind. The eyes cannot form images, but are still capable of registering light intensity.
Common names
editI. braminus is variously known as the brahminy blind snake,[4] flowerpot snake, common blind snake, island blind snake, teliya snake, and Hawaiian blind snake. The moniker "flowerpot snake" derives from the snake's incidental introduction to various parts of the world through the plant trade. "Kurudi" is the common Malayalam term which refers to I. braminus. "Sirupaambu" is the common Tamil term which refers to I. braminus.
Distribution
editMost likely originally native to Africa and Asia, I. braminus is an introduced species in many parts of the world, including Australia, the Americas, and Oceania.
The vertical distribution is from sea level to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) in Sri Lanka and up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in Guatemala. The type locality given is "Vishakhapatam" [India].[2]
Native range
editIn Africa, I. braminus has been reported in Uganda, DRC, Egypt, Kenya, Senegal, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa (an isolated colony in Cape Town and Natal Midlands; about eight have been found in Lephalale, Limpopo Province at the Medupi Power Station during construction), Madagascar (Nossi Be),[3] the Comoro Islands, Mauritius, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles. It has also been found in Libya.[9]
In Asia, it occurs in the Arabian Peninsula, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Philippines, Pakistan, Nepal, mainland India (as well as the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep Islands, where it is the only snake reported),[10] the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Singapore, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, southern China (including Hainan), Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan (in the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawashima and Miyakoshima).
In Maritime Southeast Asia, it occurs on Sumatra and nearby islands (the Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Belitung and Nias), Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Java, Bali, Flores, East Timor, Kai Island, the Aru Islands,[11] New Guinea (Western Papua and Papua New Guinea), New Britain, and Bougainville Island.
It also occurs in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and on Christmas Island.
Introduced range
editIn Australia, I. braminus occurs in the Northern Territory near Darwin, and in parts of Queensland.
In Oceania, it occurs on Papua New Guinea, Palau, Guam, Fiji, Saipan, the Hawaiian Islands and Tahiti in French Polynesia.
In the Americas, it occurs in the United States (California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Arizona, Hawaii and Texas), western and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Colombia, Barbados and on the Cayman Islands, as well as the Turks and Caicos Islands. It has also been spotted in the Okanagan in B.C., Canada.
In Europe, it has been found in Spain[12] (in the Canary Islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria),[13] in Italy (on the island of Ischia),[14] and in Malta;[15] it is believed to have been introduced in soil imported with potted plants, and has been labeled potentially invasive to native fauna.
Habitat
editUsually, the brahminy blind snake occurs in urban and agricultural areas.[6] This species of snake lives underground in ant and termite nests. It is also found under logs, moist leaves, stones and humus in wet forest, dry jungle, abandoned buildings, and even city gardens. The distribution and survival of this group of blind snakes directly reflect soil humidity and temperature.[10]
Feeding
editThe diet of I. braminus consists of the larvae, eggs, and pupae of ants and termites.[6]
Reproduction
editI. braminus is parthenogenetic, and all specimens collected so far have been female. It lays eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced, all female and genetically identical.[6] They are triploid,[16][17][18] and it has been proposed that the species be transferred to a new genus as Virgotyphlops braminus because of its obligate parthenogenetic nature.[19][20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Shea, G.; Stuart, B.L.; Chan-Ard, T.; Wogan, G.; Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Vijayakumar, S.P.; Ramesh, M.; Ganesan, S.R.; Madala, M.; Sreekar, R.; Shankar, G.; Allison, A.; Hamilton, A.; Tallowin, O.; Beraduccii [sic], J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W.; Parker, F.; O'Shea, M.; Iskandar, D. (2021). "Indotyphlops braminus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T172704A1370555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T172704A1370555.en.
- ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ^ a b Uetz, P.; Freed, P.; Aguilar, R.; Hošek, J. (eds.). "Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)". The Reptile Database.
- ^ a b c "Ramphotyphlops braminus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
- ^ Cogger, Harold (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Fourth Edition. Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10035-0. OCLC 858573072. xxx + 1,033 pp.
- ^ a b c d Brahminy Blind Snake at the Florida State Museum of Natural History. Accessed 30 August 2007.
- ^ Brahminy Blind Snake – One of the Worlds Smallest Snake, MeBlog, Sep 4, 2018, retrieved 2022-12-08
- ^ The one of the smallest snake in the world
- ^ "Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)".
- ^ a b Whitaker, Romulus (1978). Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited. p. 3. ISBN 978-0333901984.
- ^ Aru Islands: requires confirmation according to McDowell, 1974:25
- ^ Zamora-Camacho, Francisco Javier (30 July 2017). "On the role of plant nurseries introducing Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803), in Spain". Herpetozoa. 30 (1/2): 69–72.
- ^ Bowler, John (2018). Wildlife of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Wild Guides. p. 164. ISBN 9780691170763.
- ^ Paolino, Giovanni; Scotti, Raffaella; Grano, Mauro (2019). "First detection of the "flowerpot snake" Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) (Serpentes Typhlopidae) in Ischia (Italy): A new possible invasive species". Biodiversity Journal. 10 (4): 321–324. doi:10.31396/biodiv.jour.2019.10.4.321.324. S2CID 213592951.
- ^ "New snake species found in Malta may be invasive". 1 December 2020.
- ^ Wynn, Addison H.; Cole, Charles J.; Gardner, Alfred L. (12 March 1987). "Apparent Triploidy in the Unisexual Brahminy Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus". American Museum Novitates (2868): 1–7. hdl:2246/5203.
- ^ Ota, Hidetoshi; Hikida, Tsutomu; Matsui, Masafumi; Mori, Akira; Wynn, Addison H. (1 January 1991). "Morphological variation, karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus, from the insular region of East Asia and Saipan". Amphibia-Reptilia. 12 (2): 181–193. doi:10.1163/156853891X00158.
- ^ Mezzasalma, Marcello; Andreone, Franco; Glaw, Frank; Petraccioli, Agnese; Odierna, Gaetano; Guarino, Fabio Maria (September 2016). "A karyological study of three typhlopid species with some inferences on chromosome evolution in blindsnakes (Scolecophidia)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 264: 34–40. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.07.001.
- ^ Wallach, Van (May 2020). "How to easily identify the flowerpot blindsnake, Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803), with proposal of a new genus (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)" (PDF). Pod@rcis. Vol. 11, no. 1. pp. 4–12.
- ^ Wallach, Van (2020). "First appearance of the Brahminy Blindsnake, Virgotyphlops braminus (Daudin 1803) (Squamata: Typhlopidae), in North America, with reference to the states of Mexico and the USA". IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians. 27 (2): 326–330. doi:10.17161/randa.v27i2.14491. S2CID 238115067.
Further reading
edit- Annandale N (1906). "Notes on the fauna of a desert tract in southern India. Part I. Batrachians and reptiles, with remarks on the reptiles of the desert region of the North-West Frontier". Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1: 183–202.
- Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families Typhlopidæ .... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I–XXVIII. (Typhlops braminus, pp. 16–17).
- Daudin FM (1802). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Tome septième [Volume 7]. Paris: F. Dufart. 436 pp.
- Hedges SB, Marion AB, Lipp KM, Marin J, Vidal N (2014). "A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata)". Caribbean Herpetology (49): 1-61. (Indotyphlops braminus, new combination).
- Jones GS, Thomas LA, Wong K (1995). "Ramphotyphlops braminus ". Herpetological Review 26 (4):210-211.
- Kelaart EF (1854). "Catalogue of reptiles collected in Ceylon". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Second Series 13: 137–140.
- Kraus F, Carvalho D (2001). "The Risk to Hawai'i from Snakes". Pacific Science 55 (4): 409–417. PDF Archived 2002-02-11 at the Wayback Machine at University of Hawai'i press. Accessed 20 April 2008.
- Nussbaum RA (1980). "The brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) in the Seychelles Archipelago: Distribution, variation, and further evidence for parthenogenesis". Herpetologica 36 (3): 215–221.
- Oliver JA, Shaw CE (1953). "The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands". Zoologica, New York 38 (5): 65–95.
- O'Shea M, Halliday T (2002). Smithsonian Handbooks: Reptiles and Amphibians. London: DK Publishing. 256 pp. ISBN 0-7894-9393-4.
- Mizuno T, Kojima Y (2015). "A blindsnake that decapitates its termite prey". Journal of Zoology 297 (3): 220–224.
- Owen R, Bowman DT Jr, Johnson SA (1998). "Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus ". Herpetological Review 29 (2): 115.
- Palmer DD, Fisher RN (2010). "Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus ". Herpetological Review 41 (4): 518.
- Thomas LA (1997). "Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus ". Herpetological Review 28 (2): 98.
- Vijayakumar SP, David P (2006). "Taxonomy, Natural History, And Distribution Of The Snakes Of The Nicobar Islands (INDIA), Based On New Materials And With An Emphasis On Endemic Species". Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (1): 11–40.
- Wall F (1919). "Notes on a collection of Snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26: 552–584.
- Wallach V (1999). "Geographic distribution: Ramphotyphlops braminus ". Herpetological Review 30 (4): 236.
External links
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- Indotyphlops braminus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 30 August 2007.
- Ramphotyphlops braminus at Snakes of Japan. Accessed 30 August 2007.
- Ramphotyphlops braminus at WildHerps.com. Accessed 30 August 2007.
- R. braminus at ThailandSnakes.com. Accessed 22 December 2014.
- Indotyphlops braminus at the Tucson Herpetological Society.