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Companhia Geral de Comércio de Pernambuco e Paraíba

The General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba (Portuguese: Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba) was a privileged monopoly company created by the Marquis of Pombal in the second half of the 18th century in Portugal.[1][2][3]

Founded on August 13, 1759, it was intended to control and promote commercial activity with the captaincies of Pernambuco and Paraíba, in the state of Brazil. Maria I of Portugal ended the monopoly at the beginning of the 1780s, in the context of the so-called "Viradeira".[4]

Foundation

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Institution document of the company, 1759

The Companhia de Comércio de Pernambuco e Paraíba was a monopoly company responsible, between 1759 and 1780, for carrying out all the transatlantic trade between the captaincy of Pernambuco and its adjacent captaincies: Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, as well as parts of Alagoas.

The company purchased export agricultural inputs such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and leather, selling them at fixed prices set by the Inspection Board. Additionally, the company engaged in the sale of manufactured products and provided financing for consumer goods and producers' tools. It supplied labor by selling enslaved people from Angola and managed the acquisition of necessary regional goods, alongside building ships. The company and its members enjoyed privileges including private judgment in profit-related actions, a 20-year commercial monopoly, exemption from compulsory public service, and certain tax exemptions.

Administrative structure

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The company's trade network spanned Europe, Asia, and Africa, with England being the primary supplier of manufactured products like cotton fabrics and sugar refining goods. Holland provided naval supplies, while Hamburg, Genoa, Trieste, Venice, Marseille, Rouen, and Madrid, along with the Azores islands Faial and São Miguel, supplied linen and sailcloths. From Goa, various Asian fabrics were imported. These goods were sold both to the company and colonials, aiming to create a consumer market in Portugal for manufactured goods. Cloths and crockery were primarily sold to Pernambuco plantation owners, with foreign-made goods surcharged to make domestic products more attractive.

The company also forced African enslaved people to Brazil, mainly from Angola. There were 49,344 enslaved people brought from Angola to Brazil between 1761 and 1786.[5] Most were adults and 508 were listed as children.

Sugar was the main product sold by the Pernambuco and Paraíba Company. Before its establishment, the annual sugar production averaged below 6,100 boxes, which increased to 8,100 during its monopoly.[6] Despite conflicts in the 1770s over sugar prices, only three price increases occurred (1765, 1770, and 1777). The company's administrators aimed to keep Brazilian sugar competitive, refining it primarily in London and Hamburg, which doubled its value and yielded a 250% profit, benefiting neither the sugar mill owners nor the company itself.

The archives of the company are held at the Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo.[7]

References

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  1. ^ Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima; Sangster, Alan (9 August 2012). "'Public–private partnerships': The Portuguese General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba (1759)". Business History. 54 (7): 1142–1165. doi:10.1080/00076791.2012.692079. ISSN 0007-6791.
  2. ^ Mott, Luiz (1972-06-04). "Resenha de: As companhias pombalinas de navegação, comércio e tráfico de escravos entre a Costa Africana e o Nordeste Brasileiro". Revista de História. 44 (90): 583. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.1972.131792. ISSN 2316-9141.
  3. ^ Araújo, Clara Farias de (2010). "A Companhia Geral de Comércio de Pernambuco e Paraíba:". História e Economia (in Portuguese). 6 (1): 15–26. ISSN 2596-0121.
  4. ^ Dias, Thiago Alves (2020-02-22). "Os negócios globais de uma companhia colonial: a Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba e os negócios da China (1759-1783)". Afro-Ásia (59). doi:10.9771/aa.v0i59.25594. ISSN 1981-1411.
  5. ^ Klein, Herbert S. (11 May 2010). "The Portuguese Slave Trade From Angola in the Eighteenth Century". The Journal of Economic History. 32 (4): 894–918. doi:10.1017/S0022050700071199. ISSN 1471-6372.
  6. ^ Schwartz, Stuart B. (2004-09-06), "A Commonwealth within Itself: The Early Brazilian Sugar Industry, 1550–1670", Tropical Babylons, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 158–200, retrieved 2024-07-01
  7. ^ "Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo - DigitArq". digitarq.arquivos.pt. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
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