Comparison of orbital launch systems
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Falcon_9_Demo-2_Launching_6_%283%29.jpg/220px-Falcon_9_Demo-2_Launching_6_%283%29.jpg)
This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.
Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:
- Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
- Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
- Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.
All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]
Current rockets
editOrbits legend:
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- SSO or SSPO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit
- polar, polar orbit
- MEO, medium Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection)
- HEO, high Earth orbit
- HCO, heliocentric orbit
- TLI, trans-lunar injection
- TMI, trans-Mars injection
Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Maximum payload mass (kg) |
Reusable / Expendable | Orbital launches including failures[a] |
Launch site(s) | Dates of flight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEO | GTO | Other | First | Latest | |||||||
Angara A5 / Briz-M | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 48.7 m | 24,500[1] | 5,400[1] | 3,000 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 2[1] | 2014 | 2020 | |
Angara A5 / Orion | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 54.9 m | N/A | 6,500[1] | 3,700 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 1[1] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Angara A5 / Persei | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 54.9 m | N/A | 6,500[1] | 3,700 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 1[1] | 2021 | 2021 | |
Angara-1.2 | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 42.7 m | 3,700[2] | N/A | 2,400 to SSO[3] 3400 to polar[2] |
Expendable | 2[2] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Ariane 6 A62 | ![]() |
ArianeGroup | 63 m | 10,350[4]: 45 | 4,500[5]: 33 | 7,200 to SSO 7,000 to polar 3,300 to HEO 3,500 to TLI[5]: 35–37 |
Expendable | 1[6] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Atlas V 551 | ![]() |
ULA | 58.3 m | 18,850[7] | 8,900[7] | 13,550 to SSO[8] 3,850 to GEO[7] |
Expendable | 14[8] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Atlas V N22[b] | ![]() |
ULA | 52.4 m | 13,000[10] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[10] | 2019[11] | 2024 | |
Ceres-1 (3)[c] | ![]() |
Galactic Energy | 20 m | 400[13] | N/A | 300 to SSO[13] | Expendable | 10[12] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Ceres-1S[d] | ![]() |
Galactic Energy | 20 m | 400[13] | N/A | 300 to SSO[13] | Expendable | 2[12] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Chollima-1 | ![]() |
NADA | > 38 m | > 300[14] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[15] | 2023 | 2023 | |
Electron | ![]() ![]() |
Rocket Lab | 18 m | 300[16] | N/A | 200 to SSO[17] | Partially reusable | 51[18] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Epsilon (2) | ![]() |
IHI[19] | 24.4 m | 1,500[20] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[20] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Epsilon (2) / CLPS | ![]() |
IHI[19] | 24.4 m | N/A | N/A | 590 to SSO[20] | Expendable | 4[20] | 2018 | 2022 | |
Falcon 9 Block 5 | ![]() |
SpaceX | 70 m | 13,000 | 1,800 | 1,000 to BLT | Partially reusable (launch site) | 313[21] | 2018 | 2024 | |
17,500[22] | 5,500[21] | 4,500 to MEO | Partially reusable (drone ship) | ||||||||
22,000[21] | 8,300[21] | 4,020 to TMI[21] | Expendable | ||||||||
Falcon Heavy[23] | ![]() |
SpaceX | 70 m | 30,000[24] | 8,000[25] | N/A | Partially reusable | 10[26] | 2018 | 2024 | |
63,800[26] | 26,700[26] | 16,800 to TMI[26] | Expendable | ||||||||
Firefly Alpha | ![]() |
Firefly Aerospace | 29 m | 1,030[27] | N/A | 630 to SSO[27] | Expendable | 5[28] | 2021 | 2024 | |
Gravity-1 | ![]() |
Orienspace | 31.4 m | 6,500[29] | N/A | 4,200 to SSO[29] | Expendable | 1[29] | 2024 | 2024 | |
GSLV Mk II | ![]() |
ISRO | 49.1 m | 6,000[30] | 2,250[30] | N/A | Expendable | 10[31] | 2010 | 2024 | |
GYUB TV2 | ![]() |
MND | 19.5 m | 100[32] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[32] | 2023 | 2023 | |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
Mitsubishi | 53 m | 10,000[33] | 4,000[33] | 5,100 to SSO[e] | Expendable | 33[35] | 2001 | 2024 | |
H3-22S | ![]() |
Mitsubishi | 57 m | N/A[36] | 3,500 | N/A | Expendable | 3[37] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Hyperbola-1 (2)[f] | ![]() |
i-Space | 22.5 m | 500[39] | N/A | 300 to SSO[40] | Expendable | 6[40] | 2021 | 2024 | |
Jielong 1 | ![]() |
CALT | 19.5 m | N/A | N/A | 200 to SSO[41] | Expendable | 1[42] | 2019 | 2019 | |
Jielong 3 | ![]() |
CALT | 31.8 m | N/A | N/A | 1,500 (500 km SSO)[43] | Expendable | 3[43] | 2022 | 2024 | |
KAIROS | ![]() |
Space One | 18 m | 250[44] | N/A | 150 to SSO[44] | Expendable | 1[45] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Kinetica 1 | ![]() |
CAS Space | 30 m | 2,000[46] | N/A | 1,500 (500 km SSO)[46] | Expendable | 3[46] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Kuaizhou 1A | ![]() |
ExPace | 19.8 m | 400[47] | N/A | 250 to SSO | Expendable | 26[47] | 2013[g] | 2024 | |
Kuaizhou 11 | ![]() |
ExPace | 25.3 m | 1,500[48] | N/A | 1,000 to SSO[48] | Expendable | 3[49] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 2C | ![]() |
CALT | 38.8 m | 3,850[50] | 1,250[50] | 1,900 to SSO[50] | Expendable | 70 | 1982 | 2024 | |
Long March 2C / YZ-1S | ![]() |
CALT | 38.8 m | N/A | N/A | 2,000 to SSO[51] | Expendable | 8[51] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Long March 2D | ![]() |
SAST | 41.1 m | 4,000[52] | N/A | 1,300 to SSO[53] | Expendable | 87[54][55] | 1992 | 2024 | |
Long March 2D / YZ-3 | ![]() |
SAST | 41.1 m | N/A | N/A | 2,000 to SSO | Expendable | 3[56] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Long March 2F | ![]() |
CALT | 62 m | 8,400[57] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 23[58][59][60] | 1999 | 2024 | |
Long March 3A | ![]() |
CALT | 52.5 m | 6,000[61] | 2,600[61] | 5,000 to SSO 1,420 to TLI[61] |
Expendable | 27[61] | 1994 | 2018 | |
Long March 3B/E | ![]() |
CALT | 56.3 m | 11,500[62] | 5,500[62] | 6,900 to SSO 3,500 to TLI[62] |
Expendable | 83[62] | 2007 | 2024 | |
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1 | ![]() |
CALT | 56.3 m | N/A | N/A | 2,200 to MEO | Expendable | 14[63] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 3C | ![]() |
CALT | 54.8 m | 9,100[64] | 3,800[64] | 6,500 to SSO 2,300 to TLI[62] |
Expendable | 18[65][64] | 2008 | 2021 | |
Long March 3C / YZ-1 | ![]() |
CALT | 54.8 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[66] | 2015 | 2016 | |
Long March 4B | ![]() |
SAST | 44.1 m | 4,200[67] | 1,500[67] | 2,800 to SSO[67] | Expendable | 49[67] | 1999 | 2024 | |
Long March 4C | ![]() |
SAST | 45.8 m | 4,200[68] | 1,500[68] | 2,800 to SSO[68] | Expendable | 54[68] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Long March 5 | ![]() |
CALT | 56.9 m | ~ 25,000[69] | ~ 14,000[69] | 15,000 to SSO 4,500 to GEO 8,200 to TLI 6,000 to TMI[70][71] |
Expendable | 7[70] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Long March 5 / YZ-2 | ![]() |
CALT | 56.9 m | N/A | N/A | 4,500 to GEO[72] | Expendable | 1[72] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Long March 5B | ![]() |
CALT | 56.9 m | 23,000[73] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 4[73] | 2020 | 2022 | |
Long March 6 | ![]() |
SAST | 29 m | 1,500[74] | N/A | 1,080 to SSO[74] | Expendable | 11[74] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 6A | ![]() |
SAST | 50 m | 8,000[75] | N/A | 4,500 to SSO[76] | Expendable | 7[76] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Long March 6C | ![]() |
CALT | 43 m | 4,500 | N/A | 2,400 to SSO[77] | Expendable | 1[78] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Long March 7 | ![]() |
CALT | 53.1 m | 13,500[79] | N/A | 5,500 to SSO[80] | Expendable | 7[81] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Long March 7 / YZ-1A | ![]() |
CALT | 53.1 m | N/A | N/A | 9,500 to SSO | Expendable | 1[82] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Long March 7A | ![]() |
CALT | 60.13 m | N/A | 7,000[80] | 5,000 to TLI | Expendable | 7[83] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 8 822[84] | ![]() |
CALT | 50.34 m | 7,600[85] | 2,500[85] | 4,500 to SSO[85] 1,500 to TLI |
Expendable | 2[85] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 8 820[84] | ![]() |
CALT | 48 m | 4,500 | N/A | 3,000 to SSO | Expendable | 1[86] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Long March 11 | ![]() |
CALT | 20.8 m | 700[87] | N/A | 350 to SSO[87] | Expendable | 12[87] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 11H | ![]() |
CALT | 20.8 m | 700[87] | N/A | 350 to SSO[87] | Expendable | 5[87] | 2019 | 2023 | |
LVM 3 | ![]() |
ISRO | 43.4 m | 8,000[88] | 4,000[88] | 3,000 to TLI | Expendable | 6[89] | 2017[h] | 2023 | |
Minotaur-C-XL-3210 | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 27.9 m | 1,275[91] | N/A | 880 to SSO[91] | Expendable | 2[91] | 2004 | 2017 | |
Minotaur I | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 19.2 m | 580[92] | N/A | ~ 430 to SSO[92] 400 to Polar[93] |
Expendable | 12[i][93] | 2000 | 2021 | |
Minotaur IV | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | 1,735[94] | N/A | 1,170 to Polar[94] | Expendable | 2[94][j] | 2010 | 2020 | |
Minotaur IV / HAPS | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[96] | 2010 | 2010 | |
Minotaur IV / Orion 38 | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[97] | 2017 | 2017 | |
Minotaur
IV+ |
![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | 1,950[98] | N/A | 1,430 to Polar[98] | Expendable | 1[98] | 2011 | 2011 | |
Minotaur V | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 24.6 m | N/A | 678[99] | 465 to HCO[99] | Expendable | 1[99] | 2013 | 2013 | |
New-type satellite carrier rocket[100] | ![]() ![]() |
NADA | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[101][100] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Nuri (KSLV-II) | ![]() |
KARI | 47.2 m | 3,300[102] | N/A | 1,900 to SSO[102] | Expendable | 3[103] | 2021 | 2023 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 16.9 m | 475[104] | 125[104] | ~ 325 to SSO[105] 365 to Polar[104] |
Expendable | 29[104] | 1994 | 2021 | |
Pegasus XL / HAPS | ![]() |
Northrop Grumman | 16.9 m | 500[106] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[106] | 1997 | 2005 | |
Proton-M | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 57.2 m | 23,700[107] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[108] | 2021 | 2021 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 58.2 m | N/A | 6,300[109] | 3,300 to GEO[109] | Expendable | 101[109] | 2001 | 2023 | |
Proton-M / Blok DM-03 | ![]() |
Khrunichev | 57.2 m | N/A | 6,000[107] | 3,200 to GEO[110] | Expendable | 7[111] | 2010 | 2023 | |
PSLV-CA | ![]() |
ISRO | 44.4 m | 2,100[112] | N/A | 1,100 to SSO[112] | Expendable | 17[113][112] | 2007 | 2023 | |
PSLV-DL | ![]() |
ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | 1,257 to SSO[114] | Expendable | 4[115] | 2019 | 2024 | |
PSLV-QL | ![]() |
ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | 1,523 to SSO[114] | Expendable | 2[116] | 2019 | 2019 | |
PSLV-XL | ![]() |
ISRO | 44.4 m | 3,800[117] | 1,300[117] | 1,750 to SSO[117] 550 to TMI[118] |
Expendable | 25[117] | 2008 | 2023 | |
Qaem 100 | ![]() |
IRGC | 15.5 m | 80[119] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[119][k] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Qased | ![]() |
IRGC | 18.8 m | 40[120] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[120] | 2020 | 2023 | |
Shavit-2 | ![]() |
IAI | 22.1 m | 380 in Retrograde[121] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[122] | 2007 | 2023 | |
Simorgh | ![]() |
Iranian Space Agency | 26 m | 350[123] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[123][l] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1a | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 51.4 m | 7,020 from Baikonur 6,830 from Plesetsk 7,150 from Vostochny[124] |
N/A | N/A | Expendable | 47[125][m] | 2013 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 46.9 m | N/A | N/A | 4,450 to SSO[126] | Expendable | 21[126] | 2006 | 2023 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Volga | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 46.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[127] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Soyuz-2.1b | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | 8,200 from Baikonur 7,850 from Plesetsk 8,320 from Vostochny[124] |
N/A | N/A | Expendable | 17[128] | 2008 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 46.7 m | 5,500[129] | 3,060[129] | 4,900 to SSO 1,200 to HCO[129] |
Expendable | 54[129] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1v | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | 2,800[130] | N/A | 2,630 to polar[130] | Expendable | 5[130] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1v / Volga | ![]() |
TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | N/A | N/A | 1,400 to SSO[131] | Expendable | 7[131] | 2013 | 2022 | |
SLS Block 1 | ![]() |
NASA Boeing Northrop Grumman |
98 m | 95,000[132] | N/A | 27,000+ to TLI[132] | Expendable | 1[133] | 2022 | 2022 | |
SSLV | ![]() |
ISRO | 34 m | 500[134] | N/A | 300 to SSO[135] | Expendable | 3[135] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Tianlong-2 | ![]() |
Space Pioneer | 32.8 m | 2,000[136] | N/A | 1,500 to SSO[136] | Expendable | 1[136] | 2023 | 2023 | |
Vega | ![]() ![]() |
ArianeGroupAvio | 31 m | 2,300[137] | N/A | 1,330 to SSO[138]
1,500 to polar[139] |
Expendable | 21[140] | 2012 | 2023 | |
Vega-C | ![]() ![]() |
ArianeGroupAvio | 36.2 m | 3,300[141] | N/A | 2,200 to SSO 2,300 to polar[141] | Expendable | 2[142] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Vulcan Centaur VC2 | ![]() |
ULA | 61.6 m | 19,000[143] | 8,400[143] | 2,600 to GEO
15,200 to polar 6,300 to TLI[143] |
Expendable | 1[144] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Zhuque-2 B1 | ![]() |
LandSpace | 49.5 m | 4,000[145] | N/A | 1,500 to SSO[145] | Expendable | 3[145] | 2022[146] | 2023 |
- ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
- ^ for Starliner[9]
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[12]
- ^ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
- ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[34]: 64–65
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[38]
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[47]
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[90]
- ^ A suborbital mission was conducted in 2024.
- ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[95]
- ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
- ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016.[123]
- ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[125]
Upcoming rockets
editUpcoming launch vehicles
Retired rockets
edit- ^ Reference altitude 500 km
- ^ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
- ^ a b Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[citation needed]
- ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
- ^ a b The U.S. Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
- ^ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[citation needed]
- ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
- ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75 t LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90–95 t, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in May 2018.[291]
- ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968) Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
- ^ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[327]
- ^ Reference altitude 400 km
- ^ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[350]
- ^ A third rocket exploded before launch.
- ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
Launch systems by country
editThe following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.
- Operational
- In development
- Retired
See also
edit- Comparison of orbital launchers families
- Comparison of orbital rocket engines
- Comparison of crewed space vehicles
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- List of space launch system designs
- Reusable launch system
- List of orbital launch systems
- Lists of rockets
- List of sounding rockets
- List of upper stages
- Non-rocket spacelaunch
Notes
edit- ^ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
- ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
- ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
- ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Krebs, Gunter. "Angara (cluster)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Angara-1.2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ a b c d Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0" (PDF). Arianespace. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ a b Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 2 Revision 0" (PDF). Arianespace. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-6". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c "Atlas V". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ a b "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (15 October 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ Roulette, Joey (22 December 2019). "'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Ceres-1". www.galactic-energy.cn. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ Kim, Jeongmin (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Chollima-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ "Electron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ "Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ "Completed Missions". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ a b c d e "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Krebs, Gunter. "Epsilon". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "SpaceX - Falcon 9". SpaceX. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ Elon Musk (26 February 2024). "Due to continued design improvements, this Falcon 9 carried its highest ever payload of 17.5 tons of useful load to a useful orbit".
- ^ Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable
- ^ Musk, Elon. Making Life Multiplanetary. SpaceX. Event occurs at 15:35. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via YouTube.
BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tonnes to low Earth orbit and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-Heavy (Block 5)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d "SpaceX - Falcon Heavy". SpaceX. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Alpha Launch Vehicle". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ "Missions Archive". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Yinli-1 (Gravity-1, YL-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Indian Space Research Organisation - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ a b "South Korean ADD Solid-Fuel SLV". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b "H-IIA Launch Vehicle" (PDF). JAXA. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ "H-IIA – User's Manual" (PDF). 4.0. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. February 2015. YET04001. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "H-2A-202". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Only the X00 version of the H3 is intended for LEO launches.[failed verification] The higher capability X02 and X03 variants could presumably launch significantly more payload to LEO, but are not specified for this mission. Space Launch Report: H3 Data Sheet[usurped],[dead link] retrieved 20 Feb. 2019/
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "H-3-22". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Hyperbola-1 User Manual" (PDF). i-space. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ "China's Jielong 1 smallsat launcher successful on first flight – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Launch Vehicle". Space One. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "KAIROS". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1, Zhongke-1, ZK-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) / Fei Tian 1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b Andrew Jones (2022-12-07). "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ a b c "LM-2C --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". cgwic.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2C (3) YZ-1S (Chang Zheng-2C (3) YZ-1S)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "长征二号丁 _中国航天科技集团". www.spacechina.com. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
- ^ "LM-2D --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". www.cgwic.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (Chang Zheng-2D)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (2) (Chang Zheng-2D (2))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2D (2) YZ-3 (Chang Zheng-2D (2) YZ-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F (Chang Zheng-2F)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F/G (Chang Zheng-2F/G)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2F/T (Chang Zheng-2F/T)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3A (Chang Zheng-3A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3B/G3Z (Chang Zheng-3B/G3Z)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3C/G2 (Chang Zheng-3C/G2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3C (Chang Zheng-3C)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3C/G3Z (Chang Zheng-3C/G3Z)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4C (Chang Zheng-4C)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ a b "LM-5 --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". cgwic.com. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5 (Chang Zheng-5)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (17 July 2020). "Long March 5 rolled out for July 23 launch of China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5/YZ2 (Chang Zheng-5/YZ2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5B (Chang Zheng-5B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Long March 6A". Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6A (Chang Zheng-6A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (7 May 2024). "China launches first Long March 6C rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "LM-7 --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". cgwic.com. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b Volosín, Juan I. Morales (15 January 2024). "Tianzhou-7 | Long March 7". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7 (Chang Zheng-7)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7/YZ1A (Chang Zheng-7/YZ1A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-7A (Chang Zheng-7A)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Long March 8". sat.huijiwiki.com. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-11 (Chang Zheng-11)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ a b "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Kerbs, Gunter. "GSLV Mk.3 (LVM-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)". ISRO. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Taurus-3210 (Taurus-XL) / Minotaur-C-XL-3210". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b "MINOTAUR I Space Launch Vehicle" (PDF). northropgrumman. Northrop Grumman Corporation. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-1 (OSP-SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-4 (Minotaur-IV, OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-4-Lite (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-4 HAPS (Minotaur-IV HAPS, OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-4 Orion-38 (Minotaur-IV Orion-38, OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-4+ (Minotaur-IV, OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-5 (Minotaur-V, OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b ""북한, 6개월만에 누리호와 같은 계열 엔진"". 문화일보 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "North Korean Kerolox Launch Vehicle". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b 동아사이언스 (2022-12-04). "누리호 탑재 중량 1.5t→1.9t으로 성능 '업'". m.dongascience.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-07-12.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Nuri (KSLV-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "Pegasus-XL". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ "PEGASUS Patented Air Launch System" (PDF). northropgrumman. Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Pegasus-XL HAPS". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Proton-M". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-K & -M Briz-M". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton (UR-500) Family". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M Blok-DM-03". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV-CA (2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV-CA". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV-DL". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV-QL". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV-XL". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Arunan, S.; Satish, R. (25 September 2015). "Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its challenges". Current Science. 109 (6): 1061–1069. doi:10.18520/v109/i6/1061-1069.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Qaem-100". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Qased". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Davenport, Justin (29 March 2023). "Israeli Shavit-2 successfully launches Ofek 13 military satellite". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Shavit-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle". en.samspace.ru. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1a (14A14)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1a Fregat". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1a Volga". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1b". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1b Fregat". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1v (Soyuz-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1v Volga (Soyuz-1 Volga)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b "NASA's Space Launch System Reference Guide (Web Version)" (PDF). www.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "SLS". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "SSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Tianlong-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ "Vega (P80 based)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ "Vega User's Manual" (PDF). Issue 4. Arianespace. April 2014. pp. 2–10. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ "Vega". Arianespace. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Vega". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Vega C - Arianespace". Arianespace. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Vega-C". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ a b c "Vulcan". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ "Vulcan". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
- ^ a b c d e "Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2, LandSpace-2, LS-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Jones, Andrew [@AJ_FI] (14 December 2022). "Looks like Zhuque-2 second stage failed to reach orbital velocity. Satellites lost. Similar to Zhuque-1 launch four years ago. https://t.co/DuDtHVHyyc" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Angara-A5V (Angara-5V) launch vehicle". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
- ^ "Antares". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2024-03-28.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Davenport, Justin (2023-08-09). "Northrop Grumman and Firefly's Antares 330 and MLV plans take shape". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (2024-07-10). "Europe's first Ariane 6 flight achieved most of its goals, but ended prematurely". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b "Mission ― Perigee". perigee.space. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ Blue Whale 1 Sea Launch Animation. Retrieved 2024-03-28 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "Mission ― Perigee". perigee.space. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b Boucher, Marc (14 March 2017). "Exclusive: Maritime Launch Services Selects Nova Scotia Site for Spaceport Over 13 Other Locations". SpaceQ. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Tsiklon-4M (Cyclone-4M)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ "Precious Payload allies with Maritime Launch + adds Canada's 1st commercial spaceport to the Launch.ctrl marketplace for smallsat interests – SatNews". news.satnews.com. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
- ^ a b Space, Vaya (2024-03-20). "Vaya Space Announces Strategic Partnership with All Points' Space Prep Launch Support Program". Vaya Space. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ Zisk, Rachael (2024-03-11). "Phantom Raises a Bridge Round". Payload. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
- ^ "LOTUSat-1 (JV-LOTUSat) - eoPortal". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "LAUNCH". Gilmour Space. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
- ^ Gilmour Space [@GilmourSpace] (5 December 2023). "** LAUNCH UPDATE: With end of year fast-approaching and launch approvals still pending, Test Flight 1 will now attempt first orbital launch in 2024. **" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2023-04-28). "Orienspace of China targets first launch in second half of the year". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "INNOSPACE HANBIT – Nano". 이노스페이스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ "INNOSPACE Signs Agreements on HANBIT-Nano Rocket to Launch Brazilian Satellites and Inertial System". Yahoo Finance. 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2 November 2023). "China's iSpace launches and lands rocket test stage". spacenews.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "HTV-X 1, 2, 3 (Kotonotori 1, 2, 3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b Jones, Andrew (28 June 2021). "China's super heavy rocket to construct space-based solar power station". Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (5 July 2018). "China reveals details for super-heavy-lift Long March 9 and reusable Long March 8 rockets". SpaceNews. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Enthusiast, Space (2023-12-14). "Long March 9: China's Super-Heavy Ambitions". Orbital Today. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2024-07-18). "China prepares to launch new Long March 12 rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Parsonson, Andrew (2024-01-10). "ArianeGroup to Increase MaiaSpace Investment to €125M". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ Pinedo, Emma (20 October 2023). "Spain's PLD Space expects first orbital launch in Q1 2026 from French Guiana". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Medium Launch Vehicle". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (7 August 2024). "Firefly signs multi-launch agreement with L3Harris". SpaceNews. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
Representatives of Firefly and Northrop said they expected the first flight of MLV to take place in the second half of 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f Bell, Adrian (18 April 2024). "China Roundup: ZhuQue-3 moves left, Tianlong-3 gets engines, and Chang Zheng rockets launch". nasaspaceflight. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Rocket Lab pushes back Neutron debut to 2025". spacenews.com. 2024-05-07. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (8 March 2017). "Eutelsat first customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn". SpaceNews. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ published, Samantha Mathewson (2024-08-29). "Blue Origin's powerful New Glenn rocket to debut Oct. 13 with NASA Mars launch". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "Interview. Bordeaux : après des essais dans leur jardin, ils vont lancer leur fusée dans l'espace". actu.fr (in French). 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
- ^ China 'N Asia Spaceflight 🚀🛰️🙏 [@CNSpaceflight] (9 January 2023). "GAPACTIC-ENERGY's another important goal is to develop the reusable kerosene fueled rocket PALLAS-1, which is now targeted in 2024 for first launch https://t.co/TMrTZ6ZD8D https://t.co/xPKe0mVIBB" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (18 July 2018). "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". SpaceNews. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Dorsey, Kristy (1 May 2024). "New Orbex chief hints at Sutherland launch next year". The Herald. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ a b "LAUNCHER – Rocket Factory Augsburg". Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ^ Rainbow, Jason (23 August 2024). "RFA pushes maiden flight to 2025 after launchpad explosion". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Russia's Rokot-M carrier rocket to be launched in 2024 — Khrunichev Center". TASS. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b "ABL Space Systems".
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2024-08-27). "Fire, fed by leaking engines, destroyed ABL Space Systems rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "Skyrora XL Rocket | Skyrora". www.skyrora.com. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
- ^ Thompson, Alan (13–14 May 2024). Skyrora - ICAO (PDF). Workshop on New Entrants Integration in the NAT Region (2024). Paris: ICAO. p. 5. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "GYUB (South Korean Solid Fueled LV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ "South Korean ADD Solid-Fuel SLV". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
- ^ "Space Launch System" (PDF). NASA Facts. NASA. 11 October 2017. FS-2017-09-92-MSFC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ a b Harbaugh, Jennifer (9 July 2018). "The Great Escape: SLS Provides Power for Missions to the Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Creech, Stephen (April 2014). "NASA's Space Launch System: A Capability for Deep Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (7 August 2017). "Preliminary design for Soyuz-5 races to completion". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^ "First launch of Soyuz-5 rocket due Dec 24, 2025". TASS. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ a b Berger, Eric (7 October 2020). "Russian space corporation unveils planned "Amur" rocket—and it looks familiar". Ars Technica. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Spectrum". Isar Aerospace. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2023-11-03). "Norway opens Andøya spaceport". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ^ a b "Starship". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ a b c SpaceX [@SpaceX] (April 6, 2024). "At Starbase, @ElonMusk provided an update on the company's plans to send humanity to Mars, the best destination to begin making life multiplanetary" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b "Relativity Space Shares Updated Go-to-Market Approach for Terran R, Taking Aim at Medium to Heavy Payload Category with Next-Generation Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Vega E: M10 motor / Mira". Avio. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ a b c "Launch Vehicle". Skyroot Aerospace. 2019-01-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ "Skyroot Aerospace". Skyroot Aerospace. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ "Skyroot Aerospace Nears Historic Launch with Successful Vikram-1 Stage-1 Test". Financialexpress. 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "Vulcan Centaur VC4S / Vulcan Centaur VC4L". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ a b "Rocket Rundown – A Fleet Overview" (PDF). ULA. November 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (9 December 2023). "Landspace launches third methane Zhuque-2, targets 2025 launch of new stainless steel rocket". spacenews.com. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
- ^ Axe, David. "Iran's New Space Rocket Could Double As A Nuclear Missile". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Antares (Taurus-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-5". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Ariane 5". andegraf.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
- ^ "Final launch of Ariane 5 GS completes busy year / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA". European Space Agency. 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Ariane 5 Users Manual" (PDF). Issue 4. Arianespace. p. 39 (ISS orbit). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
- ^ "Ariane 5 sets new record on latest launch". ESA. 24 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles". ISRO. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "SLV-3 / ASLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)".
- ^ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)".
- ^ "Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development". 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Atlas Centaur".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Krebs, Gunter. "Atlas Centaur". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ astronautix.com, Atlas H
- ^ astronautix.com, Atlas IIIB Archived 2002-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Atlas V". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ "ULA launches two space surveillance satellites for U.S. Space Force". SpaceNews. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
- ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Black Arrow Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan III Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "WMO OSCAR – Satellite: NOAA-3".
- ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Krebs, Gunter. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0300". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "GEOS 3".
- ^ "1972 – 2616 – Flight Archive".
- ^ "OSO 8".
- ^ "Explorer: RAE B".
- ^ "Delta-1914".
- ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".
- ^ "Skynet 2A, 2B".
- ^ a b Wade, Mark. "Delta 2913". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "Explorer: DE 1, 2".
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 4000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 5000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Delta IV". www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ a b c d e Krebs, Gunter. "Delta-4". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Dnepr". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (30 December 2016). "Iridium satellites closed up for launch on Falcon 9 rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Russian officials have said they plan to discontinue Dnepr launches.
- ^ a b c "S. P. Korolev RSC Energia – LAUNCHERS". Energia. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Falcon 9". SpaceX. 2012-11-16. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-9". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Capabilities & Services". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ^ de Selding, Peter B. (June 15, 2016). "Iridium's SpaceX launch slowed by Vandenberg bottleneck". SpaceNews. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
- ^ Feng Bao 1, part of CZ family
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "FB-1 (Feng Bao-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "JERS (Fuyo)".
- ^ astronautix.com, H-2 Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "H-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ "H-IIA – User's Manual" (PDF). 4.0. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. February 2015. YET04001. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Krebs, Gunter. "H-2A". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ astronautix.com H-IIA 2024 Archived 2011-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "MHI Launch Services: Launch Vehicles". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "H-2B". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Kaituozhe-2 (KT-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1".
- ^ a b c d e f g "Nissan Heritage Collection online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ astronautix.com, Long March 1, also called CZ-1
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-1 (Chang Zheng-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ astronautix.com, Long March 1D (CZ-1D) Archived 2002-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com Long March 2A – CZ-2A Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2 (Chang Zheng-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ "LM-3A Series Launch Vehicles User's Manual Issue 2011" (PDF). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^ "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ^ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, Molniya 8K78M Archived 2012-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya (8K78)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ "US-K (73D6)".
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya and Soyuz with upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ astronautix.com, N-I- Delta Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, N-2 Archived 2013-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "STSAT 2C".
- ^ Goh, Deyana (5 July 2018). "Chinese startup One Space successfully tests first stage engine for orbital rocket". Spacetech Asia. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "OS-M (Chongqing SQX)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (17 May 2018). "Chinese company OneSpace sends OS-X rocket to 40 km in maiden flight". GBTimes. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Proton-K
- ^ "Launch Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ "Proton". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "PSLV-CA (2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ "Outcome Budget 2016–2017" (PDF). Government of India, Department of Space. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors).
- ^ Vance, Ashlee (3 February 2020). "A Small-Rocket Maker Is Running a Different Kind of Space Race". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Rokot (Rockot)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "ABL Space Systems maiden flight fails after liftoff". 10 February 2023.
- ^ astronautix.com, Saturn I Archived 2010-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Saturn IB Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bilstein, Roger E. "Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data". Stages to Saturn A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. NASA History Office. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities (PDF), The Congress of the United States. Congressional Budget Office, October 2006, pp. X, 1, 4, 9
- ^ Stafford, Thomas P. (1991), America at the Threshold – Report of the Synthesis Group on America's Space Exploration Initiative, p. 31
- ^ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil".
- ^ a b c "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". Retrieved 2014-12-23.
- ^ a b c "SLV-3". Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz (11A511)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ "Soyuz-FG Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Fregat upper stage". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-FG (11A511U-FG)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-L (11A511L)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-M (11A511M)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ "Soyuz-ST". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- ^ a b "Soyuz-ST Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- ^ "Soyuz 2 Launch Vehicle". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Soyuz overview". Arianespace. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Soyuz-U Launch Vehicle". JSC "RCC" Progress. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Ikar and Volga upper stages". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U (11A511U)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Shuttle (STS)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PAYLOADS". Kennedy Space Center. 2000. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "NASA – Space Shuttle". NASA. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
- ^ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)".
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "SS-520". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- ^ Graham, William (3 February 2018). "Japanese sounding rocket claims record-breaking orbital launch". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ "Experimental Launch of World's Smallest Orbital Space Rocket ends in Failure". Spaceflight 101. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- ^ "Start-1".
- ^ "Strela launcher".
- ^ "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 Dec 2014.
- ^ "Taurus". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ "Terran". Relativity Space. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan II GLV Archived 2016-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan 23G Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan IIIC Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan IIID Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ astronautix.com, Titan IIIE Archived 2015-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Titan-4". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Titan-4". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet – Titan IVB". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2007-11-12.[permanent dead link]
- ^ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2A Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Tsiklon-2A (11K67)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2 Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Tsiklon-2 (11K69)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ nasaspaceflight.com, Tsyklon-3
- ^ a b "Tsiklon-3 (11K68)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Unha ("Taepodong-2")". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ astronautix.com, vanguard Archived 2002-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "VLS".
- ^ "IRDT 1, 2, 2R".
- ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".
- ^ a b "Spacecraft – Vostok".
- ^ "Meteor-2 (11F632)".
- ^ astronautix.com, Soyuz/Vostok Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Kyle, Ed. "Zenit Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2". Gunter's Space Pages. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ "Zenit launch vehicle". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Elektro-L 1, 2, 3".
- ^ a b c d e Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-3". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ a b Barbosa, Rui C. (27 October 2018). "Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)