The composition of the emissions generated from heated tobacco products are generally lower than that found in cigarette smoke.[1] This is due to the comparatively low temperatures, the filter systems, and physical design.[1] The composition of what is produced is complex.[2] The main toxicants found in the emissions of cigarette smoke (i.e., tar, nicotine, carbonyl compounds, and nitrosamines) are also found in the emissions of these products in varying concentrations.[3] The aerosol generated contains levels of nicotine and cancer-causing chemicals that are comparable to regular cigarettes.[4] The emissions contained 84% of the nicotine found in regular cigarettes.[5]
The available research on the mainstream and exhaled aerosol generated by these products is limited, as of 2018.[6] They do not generate side-stream emissions.[6] The exhaled aerosol is highly volatile because it is made up of liquid particles that evaporate quickly.[6] The particle size of their emissions have a median aerodynamic diameter that is somewhat bigger than those found in cigarette smoke.[2] There is a lack of agreement on the composition of the emissions in the documented literature, as of 2018.[7] These products, however, still pose health risks.[1] Lower levels of harmful emissions has been shown, but lowering the risk to the smoker who transitions to using them has not been shown, as of 2018.[2] As a result of the various types of heated tobacco products, the characteristics and effects for each type will be different.[8]
Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies.[9] Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord Philip Morris International (PMI).[10] Various heated products were reintroduced to the market, as of 2018.[11]
Introduction
editHeated tobacco products are electronic devices that heat processed tobacco to supposedly deliver an aerosol with fewer toxicants than in cigarette smoke.[10] Commercially available heated tobacco systems like glo (produced by British American Tobacco (BAT)) or IQOS (Philip Morris International (PMI)) include a charger, a holder and tobacco sticks, plugs or capsules.[10] Inserted into the holder, tobacco sticks are heated with an electronically controlled heating element.[10] Other products, like iFuse from BAT or Ploom Tech from Japan Tobacco (JT), produce aerosol from a non-tobacco source and pass it through a tobacco plug to absorb flavor and nicotine.[10] Heated tobacco products aim for a niche between combustible tobacco smoking and electronic cigarettes that aerosolize nicotine suspended in humectants.[10]
Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies.[9] Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century-old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord (PMI).[10] As of 2018, various heated tobacco products were reintroduced to the market.[11] Japan, where manufacturers have marketed several heated tobacco brands since 2014, has been the focal national test market, with the intention of developing global marketing strategies.[12] According to a 2018 report, the launching of the latest incarnation of heated tobacco products is a reiteration of similar efforts in the past to use similar products to undermine tobacco control, particularly efforts that present the tobacco industry as a harm reduction partner.[13]
As of 2018, of the current heated tobacco products, IQOS was launched in several cities in Japan, Italy and Switzerland in 2014, iFuse was released in Romania in 2015 and glo and Ploom Tech were introduced to Japanese cities in 2016.[10] Due to regulations restricting the sale of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, Japan was a fertile market for heated tobacco producers, suggesting that the products have potential 'for explosive global growth'.[10] By 2017, IQOS was available in 30 countries and was being considered by United States Food and Drug Administration for a reduced-risk product approval, and the UK was one of the first countries to assign a separate taxation category for heated tobacco products.[10]
List of substances
editSubstances emitted exist as gases,[2] liquid droplets,[6] and particulate matter.[8]
- Acenaphthene[7]
- Acetaldehyde[1]
- Acrylonitrile[10]
- Acetone[7]
- Acrolein[1]
- Aerosol (vapor)[14]
- Ammonia[10]
- Aldehydes[6]
- 1-Aminonaphthalene[10]
- 2-Aminonaphthalene[10]
- 4-Aminobiphenyl[10]
- Benzine[1]
- Benz(a)anthracene[7]
- Benzo(a)pyrene[10]
- 1,3-Butadiene[1]
- Carbonyl compounds[3]
- Carbon monoxide[6]
- Cotinine[15]
- Crotonaldehyde[1]
- Ethylene oxide[15]
- Flavorings[1]
- Formaldehyde[1]
- Glycerin[1]
- Isoprene[1]
- Menthol[3]
- Nicotine[14]
- Nicotine equivalents[which?][7]
- Nicotine derived agents[which?][16]
- Nitric oxide[7]
- Nitrosamines[3]
- Nitrogen oxides[2]
- o-Toluidine[15]
- Particulate metals[which?][6]
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon[16]
- Pyrene[15]
- Propylene glycol[17]
- Propionaldehyde[7]
- Solanesol[6]
- Styrene[1]
- Tar[2] (The solids in the emissions have been called nicotine-free dry particulate matter rather than tar in papers written by people related to the tobacco industry.[2])
- Toluene[1]
- Volatile organic compounds[which?][3]
- Water[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Pieper, Elke; Mallock, Nadja; Henkler-Stephani, Frank; Luch, Andreas (2018). "Tabakerhitzer als neues Produkt der Tabakindustrie: Gesundheitliche Risiken" ["Heat not burn" tobacco devices as new tobacco industry products: health risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz (in German). 61 (11): 1422–1428. doi:10.1007/s00103-018-2823-y. ISSN 1436-9990. PMID 30284624.
This article incorporates text by Elke Pieper, Nadja Mallock, Frank Henkler-Stephani, and Andreas Luch available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dautzenberg, B.; Dautzenberg, M.-D. (2018). "Le tabac chauffé : revue systématique de la littérature" [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires (in French). 36 (1): 82–103. doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010. ISSN 0761-8425. PMID 30429092.
- ^ a b c d e Kaur, Gurjot; Muthumalage, Thivanka; Rahman, Irfan (2018). "Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products". Toxicology Letters. 288: 143–155. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025. ISSN 0378-4274. PMC 6549714. PMID 29481849.
- ^ Jenssen, Brian P.; Walley, Susan C.; McGrath-Morrow, Sharon A. (2017). "Heat-not-Burn Tobacco Products: Tobacco Industry Claims No Substitute for Science". Pediatrics. 141 (1): e20172383. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2383. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 29233936.
- ^ Ziedonis, Douglas; Das, Smita; Larkin, Celine (2017). "Tobacco use disorder and treatment: New challenges and opportunities". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 19 (3): 271–80. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/dziedonis. PMC 5741110. PMID 29302224.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kaunelienė, Violeta; Meišutovič-Akhtarieva, Marija; Martuzevičius, Dainius (2018). "A review of the impacts of tobacco heating system on indoor air quality versus conventional pollution sources". Chemosphere. 206: 568–578. Bibcode:2018Chmsp.206..568K. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.039. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 29778082.
- ^ a b c d e f g McNeill 2018, p. 210.
- ^ a b McNeill 2018, p. 219.
- ^ a b Elias, Jesse; Dutra, Lauren M; St. Helen, Gideon; Ling, Pamela M (2018). "Revolution or redux? Assessing IQOS through a precursor product". Tobacco Control. 27 (Suppl 1): s102–s110. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054327. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6238084. PMID 30305324.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Simonavicius, Erikas; McNeill, Ann; Shahab, Lion; Brose, Leonie S (2018). "Heat-not-burn tobacco products: a systematic literature review". Tobacco Control. 28 (5): tobaccocontrol–2018–054419. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054419. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6824610. PMID 30181382. This article incorporates text by Erikas Simonavicius, Ann McNeill1, Lion Shahab, and Leonie S Brose available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ a b Staal, Yvonne CM; van de Nobelen, Suzanne; Havermans, Anne; Talhout, Reinskje (2018). "New Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products: Early Detection of Product Development, Marketing Strategies, and Consumer Interest". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 4 (2): e55. doi:10.2196/publichealth.7359. ISSN 2369-2960. PMC 5996176. PMID 29807884. This article incorporates text by Yvonne CM Staal, Suzanne van de Nobelen, Anne Havermans, and Reinskje Talhout available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Shi, Yuyan; Caputi, Theodore L.; Leas, Eric; Dredze, Mark; Cohen, Joanna E.; Ayers, John W. (2017). "They're heating up: Internet search query trends reveal significant public interest in heat-not-burn tobacco products". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185735. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285735C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185735. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5636077. PMID 29020019. This article incorporates text by Theodore L. Caputi, Eric Leas, Mark Dredze, Joanna E. Cohen, and John W. Ayers available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Bialous, Stella A; Glantz, Stanton A (2018). "Heated tobacco products: another tobacco industry global strategy to slow progress in tobacco control". Tobacco Control. 27 (Suppl 1): s111–s117. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054340. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6202178. PMID 30209207. This article incorporates text by Stella A Bialous and Stanton A Glantz available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ a b "Heated tobacco products (HTPs) information sheet". World Health Organization. May 2018.
- ^ a b c d McNeill 2018, p. 216.
- ^ a b Górski, Paweł (2019). "E-cigarettes or heat-not-burn tobacco products – advantages or disadvantages for the lungs of smokers". Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 87 (2): 123–134. doi:10.5603/ARM.2019.0020. ISSN 2543-6031. PMID 31038725.
- ^ Li, Xiangyu; Luo, Yanbo; Jiang, Xingyi; Zhang, Hongfei; Zhu, Fengpeng; Hu, Shaodong; Hou, Hongwei; Hu, Qingyuan; Pang, Yongqiang (2019). "Chemical Analysis and Simulated Pyrolysis of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 Compared to Conventional Cigarettes". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 21 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty005. ISSN 1462-2203. PMID 29319815.
Bibliography
edit- McNeill, A; Brose, LS; Calder, R; Bauld, L; Robson, D (2018). "Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" (PDF). UK: Public Health England. pp. 1–243.