Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen (June 21, 1712, Fougères, Ille-et-Vilaine – January 13, 1790, Morlaix) was a French admiral who commanded the French fleets that fought the British at the First Battle of Ushant (1778) and the Battle of Martinique (1780) during the American War of Independence.[1]
Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen | |
|---|---|
 Luc Urbain du Bouexic, comte de Guichen (1712–1790);
posthumous portrait by Paulin Guérin, 1832. | |
| Born | 21 June 1712 Fougères, Ille-et-Vilaine, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 13 January 1790 (aged 77) Morlaix, Kingdom of France |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of France |
| Service |  French Navy |
| Years of service | 1730–1783 |
| Rank | Lieutenant général des armées navales |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards |  Order of Saint Louis Order of the Holy Spirit |
Biography
editGuichen joined the Navy in 1730 as a Garde-Marine. He was promoted to lieutenant de vaisseau in 1746.[1]
In 1748, Guichen fought five battles against superior British forces, while a convoy escorting from the Caribbean back to France. He was made a Knight in the Order of Saint Louis that same year.
In 1755, he participated in the abortive relief expedition to Louisbourg under Dubois de La Motte, on the 70-gun Héros. In 1775 he was appointed to the frigate Terpsichore, attached to the Escadre d'évolution. He was promoted to Captain in May 1756.[1]
The year after, he was promoted to Chef d'Escadre.[1]
First Battle of Ushant
editAfter France entered the War of American Independence, Guichen was appointed to the command of the Channel fleet, which he led in the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778. His flagship, the 104-gun Ville de Paris, was next in line to the fleet flagship Bretagne. In March 1779, he was promoted Lieutenant Général des Armées navales, As such he commanded the French van in the Combined fleet of Orvillers and Córdoba from June to September.[1]
Battle of Martinique
edit
In January 1780, Guichen was sent to the West Indies with a strong squadron. On 17 April to the leeward of Martinique, Guichen's fleet met a force under Rodney, leading to the Battle of Martinique.[1] During the engagement, both Rodney's Sandwich and Guichen's Couronne were temporarily cut off from their respective fleets and had to bear the brunt of the battle.[1]
Two inconclusive actions followed on 15 May and 19 May 1780.[1]
With the hurricane season approaching in July, Guichen left the West Indies and returned home, reaching Cadiz in September with a convoy of 95 merchantmen. Guichen's second-in-command, Sade de Vaudronne, died at sea as the fleet arrived.[1]
1781 action in the Bay of Biscay
editIn December 1781, Guichen was tasked to carry stores and reinforcements to the West Indies. On 12 December, British Admiral Kempenfelt intercepted Guichen's squadron in the Bay of Biscay through a temporary clearance in a fog, at a moment when Guichen's warships were to leeward of the convoy, and attacked the transports at once, yielding the Second Battle of Ushant. Kempenfelt captured twenty of the transports and forced the others to retreat to port. Having failed his mission, Guichen then also returned to port. He had no opportunity to gain any counterbalancing success during the short remainder of the war, but he was present at the final relief of Gibraltar by Lord Howe.[1]
Legacy
editGuichen Bay in South Australia and the French ship Guichen of the First World War were named after him.[2]
In 1785, Guichen was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.[3]
Notes
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hannay 1911, p. 686.
- ^ "Property Location Browser (search for 'Guichen Bay')". Department of Transport Planning and Infrastructure. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
References
edit- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Guichen, Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, Comte de". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 686, 687. Endnotes:
- Chevalier, Louis-Édouard (1877). Histoire de Ia marine française pendant la guerre de l'indépendence américaine. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
- Vicomte de Noailles (1903). Marins et soldats français en Amérique. Paris, Perrin.
- Taillemite, Étienne (2002). Dictionnaire des Marins français. Tallandier. ISBN 2-84734-008-4.
