An Escadre d'évolution (French, literally "Evolution squadron") is a squadron of warships of the French Navy cruising in peacetime for the purpose of training their crew and student officers.[1][2]

History

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The French Navy started organising Escadre d'évolution early in its existence. During the 17th century, Tourville conducted such exercises. [2]

The practice fell in disuse due to an era of wars and lack of credits. During the reign of Louis XVI, the Navy restored the practice under Duchaffault and Orvilliers.[2] In 1772, Orvilliers was cruising off the shores of France for several weeks, with his flag on the 64-gun Alexandre.[3][4] Duchaffault captained the 50-gun Fier,[5] and the frigate Aurore was also part of the squadron.[6] Minister Sartine then instituted such cruises as yearly events.[4]

In 1775, Guichen was conducting his own exercises from Brest[7][8] with a 12-ship division comprising four frigates, five corvettes, a lugger and two cutters, and 1885 men, with his flag on the 36-gun frigate Terpsichore.[4] On 8 September 1775, Guichen's training squadron appeared on the horizon and was in port a mere two hours later; the event shook Sartine, who remarked that the defences of Brest could never be manned in such a short time, and thus had to be reinforced and maintained at a constant state of readiness, even in peacetime.[9]

In 1776, Sartine increased the strength of the Escadre d'évolution to 17 ships, including three ships of the line, seven frigates, five corvettes and two cutters.[10] It was organising in three divisions, each under a Chef d'Escadre with his flag on a ship of the line: Du Chaffault, holding exercises from Brest[11] with his flag on the 74-gun Zodiaque; Abon, on the 64-gun Provence; and Chartres, on the 64-gun Solitaire. From 10 May, the squadron conducted a four-month cruise between Ushant and Cape Finisterre, and with 3,705 men — fewer than in wartime, but noticeably more than the normal peacetime complement.[12] The frigate Diligente, under Lieutenant Amblimont, took part in the exercises.[13]

Training at sea resumed after the War of American Independence and the related Anglo-French War that ended in 1783. Notably, when Louis XVI visited Cherbourg naval base in April 1786 to mark the completion of a sea wall, the Escadre d'évolution held a naval review and naumachia under Chef d'Escadre Albert de Rions, with his flag on the 74-gun Patriote.[14]

The French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars removed the opportunity to conduct training cruises for a whole era again. In the 1840s, the practice was reintroduced under the impulsion of such officers as Lalande.[15]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ "s.v. Escadre". Vocabolario di marina in tre lingue. Vol. 2. Milan: De L'Imprimerie Royale. 1813. p. 91. Retrieved 1 May 2010. Escadre d'évolutions... A squadron fitted out for the purposes of exercising
  2. ^ a b c Vergé-Franceschi (2002), p. 557.
  3. ^ Archives nationales (2011), p. 189.
  4. ^ a b c Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 72.
  5. ^ Taillemite (2002), p. 149.
  6. ^ Roche (2005), p. 58.
  7. ^ Archives nationales (2011), p. 198.
  8. ^ Archives nationales (2011), p. 200.
  9. ^ Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 25.
  10. ^ Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 79.
  11. ^ Archives nationales (2011), p. 202.
  12. ^ Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 80-81.
  13. ^ Roche (2005), p. 152.
  14. ^ Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 589.
  15. ^ Taillemite (2002), p. 294—295.
  16. ^ Rentfrow (2014), p. 2014.

References

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