Cone (algebraic geometry)

In algebraic geometry, a cone is a generalization of a vector bundle. Specifically, given a scheme X, the relative Spec

of a quasi-coherent graded OX-algebra R is called the cone or affine cone of R. Similarly, the relative Proj

is called the projective cone of C or R.

Note: The cone comes with the -action due to the grading of R; this action is a part of the data of a cone (whence the terminology).

Examples

edit
  • If X = Spec k is a point and R is a homogeneous coordinate ring, then the affine cone of R is the (usual) affine cone over the projective variety corresponding to R.
  • If   for some ideal sheaf I, then   is the normal cone to the closed scheme determined by I.
  • If   for some line bundle L, then   is the total space of the dual of L.
  • More generally, given a vector bundle (finite-rank locally free sheaf) E on X, if R=Sym(E*) is the symmetric algebra generated by the dual of E, then the cone   is the total space of E, often written just as E, and the projective cone   is the projective bundle of E, which is written as  .
  • Let   be a coherent sheaf on a Deligne–Mumford stack X. Then let  [1] For any  , since global Spec is a right adjoint to the direct image functor, we have:  ; in particular,   is a commutative group scheme over X.
  • Let R be a graded  -algebra such that   and   is coherent and locally generates R as  -algebra. Then there is a closed immersion
 
given by  . Because of this,   is called the abelian hull of the cone   For example, if   for some ideal sheaf I, then this embedding is the embedding of the normal cone into the normal bundle.

Computations

edit

Consider the complete intersection ideal   and let   be the projective scheme defined by the ideal sheaf  . Then, we have the isomorphism of  -algebras is given by[citation needed]

 

Properties

edit

If   is a graded homomorphism of graded OX-algebras, then one gets an induced morphism between the cones:

 .

If the homomorphism is surjective, then one gets closed immersions  

In particular, assuming R0 = OX, the construction applies to the projection   (which is an augmentation map) and gives

 .

It is a section; i.e.,   is the identity and is called the zero-section embedding.

Consider the graded algebra R[t] with variable t having degree one: explicitly, the n-th degree piece is

 .

Then the affine cone of it is denoted by  . The projective cone   is called the projective completion of CR. Indeed, the zero-locus t = 0 is exactly   and the complement is the open subscheme CR. The locus t = 0 is called the hyperplane at infinity.

O(1)

edit

Let R be a quasi-coherent graded OX-algebra such that R0 = OX and R is locally generated as OX-algebra by R1. Then, by definition, the projective cone of R is:

 

where the colimit runs over open affine subsets U of X. By assumption R(U) has finitely many degree-one generators xi's. Thus,

 

Then   has the line bundle O(1) given by the hyperplane bundle   of  ; gluing such local O(1)'s, which agree locally, gives the line bundle O(1) on  .

For any integer n, one also writes O(n) for the n-th tensor power of O(1). If the cone C=SpecXR is the total space of a vector bundle E, then O(-1) is the tautological line bundle on the projective bundle P(E).

Remark: When the (local) generators of R have degree other than one, the construction of O(1) still goes through but with a weighted projective space in place of a projective space; so the resulting O(1) is not necessarily a line bundle. In the language of divisor, this O(1) corresponds to a Q-Cartier divisor.

Notes

edit

References

edit

Lecture Notes

edit
  • Fantechi, Barbara, An introduction to Intersection Theory (PDF)

References

edit