The contrahentes (singular contrahens) are muscles widely present in the hands of mammals, including monkeys.[1] They are on the palmar/plantar side. There is one each for digits I, II, IV and V, but not III. They pull the fingers/toes down and together.
Human anatomy
editIn humans, the adductor pollicis muscle in the hand and the adductor hallucis in the foot are well-developed remnants of the first contrahens, though they have lost the insertion on the distal phalanx of the thumb or big toe.[1] The other contrahentes only appear as rare atavistic abnormalities.[2] In other mammals, the contrahentes may have their origin either on the carpus or the metacarpus, which suggests that the palmar interossei muscles also contain elements of the contrahentes.[1] They appear in the human fetus as a layer of flesh that mostly disappears.[citation needed]
In other animals
editThe contrahens of the fourth digit is absent in dogs but present in cats and rabbits.[1]
In primates, the contrahentes vary in number between zero and four. By their insertion onto the proximal phalanges they facilitate convergence of the digits.[3]
In tarsiers, they facilitate the grip by increasing the pressure between the large distal pads and the gripped surface by simultaneously flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints and the proximal interphalangeal joints and extending the distal interphalangeal joints. [3]
Notes
editReferences
edit- Stark, HH; Otter, TA; Boyes, JH; Rickard, TA (1979). ""Atavistic contrahentes digitorum" and associated muscle abnormalities of the hand: a cause of symptoms. Report of three cases". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 61 (2): 286–289. doi:10.2106/00004623-197961020-00023. PMID 422616.
- Tubbs, R. Shane; Salter, E. George; Oakes, W. Jerry (26 September 2005). "Contrahentes digitorum muscle". Clinical Anatomy. 18 (8): 606–608. doi:10.1002/ca.20157. PMID 16187298. S2CID 27523606. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
- Wright, Patricia C.; Simons, Elwyn L.; Gursky, Sharon (2003). Tarsiers: past, present, and future. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813532363.
- Yamamoto, Chugo; Murakami, Takuro; Ohtsuka, Aiji (Aug 1988). "Homology of the adductor pollicis and contrahentes muscles: a study of monkey hands" (PDF). Acta Med Okayama. 42 (4): 215–26. PMID 3177007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-15.