Cornelius Fredericks (also: Frederiks[1]) (died 16 February 1907) was a leader of the ǃAman (Bethanie Orlam), a subtribe of the Orlam people, in the southern area of German South-West Africa, today's Namibia. He was a rival Kaptein of the Bethanie Orlam, contesting the chieftaincy of Paul Fredericks. Among the Orlam people living in Bethanie, Cornelius had more followers, but Paul was the official leader who also had the support of the German colonial powers.[2]
When the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907 broke out, Fredericks was one of the indigenous leaders that actively fought a guerrilla-style war against the Germans. He often sided with Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Orlam), and both were wanted for a 3,000 marks (ℳ) ransom.[2] The German Schutztruppe kept the upper hand in the majority of battles and forced most Nama and Orlam groups to surrender. The group under Fredericks gave up on 3 March 1906.[3]
On 9 September 1906, Cornelius Fredericks was imprisoned at Shark Island concentration camp in Lüderitz as part of a group of 1,795 Nama people, some of whom were decapitated and whose heads were sent to Germany for racial anthropological research.[4] Most of them died in the icy wind due to malnutrition and neglect, their bodies were buried at low tide and soon washed into the ocean.[5] Fredericks died on 16 February 1907.[5] A memorial in his remembrance now stands on Shark Island.[6]
Cornelius Fredericks's grandson David Frederick was chief of the !Aman Traditional Authority from 1977 until 2018. David Frederick, in January 2017 filed a class-action lawsuit against Germany on behalf of the Herero and Nama peoples in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.[7] The lawsuit, filed along with the Nama Traditional Authorities Association and the Herero Paramount Chief Advocate Vekuii Rukoro, was dismissed by the court in 2020 for a lack of jurisdiction.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ Marion Wallace: A History of Namibia. From the Beginning to 1990 published by C. Hurst & Co., London 2011.
- ^ a b Dierks, Klaus. "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, F". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Booysen, Dani (10 August 2004). "Die pad na Ohamakari" [The road to Ohamakari]. Die Republikein (in Afrikaans). Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Fetzer, Christian (1913). "Rassenanatomische Untersuchungen an 17 Hottentottenköpfen". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 16 (1): 95–156. ISSN 0044-314X. JSTOR 25747666.
- ^ a b Silvester, Jeremy; Erichsen, Casper. "Luderitz's forgotten Concentration camp". The Cardboard Box. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Zuern, Elke (2012). "Memorial politics: challenging the dominant party's narrative in Namibia". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 50 (3): 505. doi:10.1017/S0022278X12000225. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 41653719. S2CID 154609786.
- ^ "Three vie for !Aman Traditional Authority chieftainship". Truth, for its own sake. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ Talmon, Stefan (2020-12-09). "Germany not answerable in U.S. courts for alleged colonial genocide". GPIL - German Practice in International Law. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ "Rukoro v. Fed. Republic of Ger., 976 F.3d 218 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
External links
edit- Mashuna, Timotheus (9 March 2012). "Cornelius Frederiks: 'The Most Dangerous Enemy of the German Imperial Forces'". New Era. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Picture of Cornelius Fredericks at Shark Island