The accession of the Serbian monarch was legitimised by a coronation ceremony, which was carried out by church officials.
Ceremony
editMiddle Ages
editThe ritual of crowning a new ruler (royal enthronement) is attested in the 12th century.[1] The coronation of Serbian monarchs took place in the most prominent of churches in the country.[2] The coronation of the Grand Princes of Serbia was likely held at the church in Ras.[1] The successors of Stefan Nemanja adopted Byzantine ideas on self-rule and acts on the ruler's anointment and coronation.[3] The church official (archbishop, patriarch) anointed and crowned the ruler in the same ceremony.[3] Through the archiereus, with the act of crowning, God's grace transits to the ruler.[2]
History
editMiddle Ages
editThe ritual of crowning a new ruler is attested in the 12th century.[1] The coronation of Serbian monarchs took place in the most prominent of churches in the country.[2] Stefan (r. 1196–1228), the son of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, was crowned with a crown sent by Pope Honorius III in 1217.[2][4] According to Fine Jr., he was crowned by a papal legate.[5] It is unknown where the coronation took place.[6] J. Kalić believes that it was Peter's Church, Ras.[7] It has been assumed that Stefan was crowned a second time by Archbishop Sava, his brother.[8] In the second charter to the Žiča monastery dated to ca. 1224, King Stefan ordered for all future kings to be crowned at that monastery.[6] His contemporaries and successors called him "the First-Crowned King".[9]
Modern
edit
Serbia's last and only modern coronation was in 1904, when King Peter I was crowned in an Eastern Orthodox Christian ceremony at the Cathedral of the Host of Holy Archangels in Belgrade.[10][11] Serbia became a part of the state of Yugoslavia after World War I, but Peter did not hold a second coronation and neither of his two successors, the Yugoslav monarchs Alexander and Peter II, were crowned. This was due to the religious diversity of the new state.
Regalia
editMiddle Ages
editStefan's crown was called "the holy wreath" (sveti venac) by Domentijan.[4] Later, it was called "the god-gifted wreath of the Serbian kingdom" (bogodarovani venac kraljevstva srpskog).[4]
Modern
editModern Serbian regalia were created in Paris by the famous Falise brothers jewellers in 1904 for coronation of king Peter I Karađorđević, and consisted of a royal crown, orb, sceptre, mantle, and mantle buckle. The crown, known as the "Karađorđević Crown", was partially made out of a cannon that Karađorđe had used during the First Serbian Uprising, and was adorned with details such as the Serbian eagle and Serbian cross. The crown, scepter, and orb were decorated with gemstones extracted in Serbia and enameled in the Serbian national colours (red, blue, and white). The mantle was made out of purple velvet, embroidered with gold and lined with ermine fur.
Symbolism
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The sacredness of the Serbian throne is frequently stressed in medieval sources.[12] Apart from the throne, the crown was one of the most important royal insignia in the Middle Ages.[1]
Coronations
editMiddle Ages
edit- Stefan (r. 1217–28), uncertain.
- Stefan Radoslav (r. 1228–33), crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Sava, his uncle.[13]
- Stefan Vladislav (r. 1234–43), crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Arsenije.
- Stefan Uroš I (r. 1243–76), crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Arsenije.
- Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82), crowned at Žiča.
- Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321), crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Jevstatije I after the Deževa Assembly in early 1282.
- Stefan Konstantin (r. 1321–22).
- Stefan Dečanski (r. 1322–31), crowned by Archbishop Nikodim I on 6 January 1322.[14]
- Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–55), crowned emperor at Skopje by Patriarch Joanikije II on 16 April 1346.[15]
- Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–71).
Modern
edit- Peter I Karađorđević (1903–1921), crowned at St. Michael's Cathedral in Belgrade on 21 September 1904
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Kalić 1998.
- ^ a b Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Ćirković & Mihaljčić 1999, p. 336.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 107.
- ^ a b Kalić 1998, p. 77.
- ^ Kalić 1998, p. 84.
- ^ Marjanović-Dušanić & Ćirković 1994, p. 126.
- ^ Ćirković & Mihaljčić 1999, p. 322.
- ^ "The Serbian Revolution of 1903". Mtholyoke.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ The Coronation of King Peter I of Serbia. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ Marjanović-Dušanić & Ćirković 1994, p. 26.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 135.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 263.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 309.
Sources
edit- Ćirković, Sima; Mihaljčić, Rade (1999). Лексикон српског средњег века. Knowledge. ISBN 9788683233014.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- Kalić, Jovanka (1998). "Претече Жиче: Крунидбена места српских владара". Историјски часопис. XLIV. Istorijski institut: 77–87.
- Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja; Ćirković, Sima M. (1994). Vladarske insignije i državna simbolika u Srbiji od XIII do XV veka. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. ISBN 9788670251830.
- Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije. Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.
Further reading
edit- Komatina, Ivana (2016). "Велико краљевство од прва: Крунисање Стефана Немањића и "традиција Дукљанског краљевства"" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 65. Belgrade: Istorijski institut: 15–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
- Marjanović-Dušanić, S. "Kruna". LSSV: 334–335.