Costus spicatus, also known as spiked spiralflag ginger or Indian head ginger, is a species of herbaceous plant in the Costaceae family (also sometimes placed in Zingiberaceae).[1]
| Spiked spiralflag ginger Indian head ginger | |
|---|---|
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| Costus spicatus in Singapore | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Costaceae |
| Genus: | Costus |
| Species: | C. spicatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Costus spicatus Jacq.
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| Synonyms | |
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Distribution
editCostus spicatus is native to some islands of the Caribbean (including Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Martinique, and Puerto Rico).[1][2][3] There has been some confusion about the native range of Costus spicatus.[4] Kew Botanical Gardens lists it as native to Mexico.[3] It has been described as exotic[5] or native[3] to Cuba. Costus spicatus is possibly invasive in lower montane rainforests on Saint Lucia, where botanist Roger Graveson considers it to be an escaped exotic.[6][7]
Description
editCostus spicatus leaves grow to a length of approximately 1 ft (30 cm) and a width of approximately 4 in (10 cm). It produces a short red cone, from which red-orange flowers emerge one at a time.[8] In botanical literature, Costus woodsonii has often been misidentified as Costus spicatus.[9] Costus spicatus is also similar in appearance to Costus scaber and Costus spiralis.[10][11][12]
Cultivation
editCostus spicatus will grow in full sun if it is kept moist. It reaches a maximum height of about 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m).[8]
Ecology
editCostus spicatus can develop a symbiotic partnership with certain species of ants (often only a single species of ant will be compatible). The ants are provided with a food source (nectar in C. spicatus flowers) as well as a place to construct a nest. In turn, the ants protect developing seeds from herbivorous insects.[8]
Use
editCostus spicatus has several traditional uses. According to the Lacandon Maya, Costus spicatus increases soil fertility, is edible, and is a medicine.[13] Other groups also use it in traditional medicine. The Totonac people use Costus spicatus to treat kidney problems and hepatitis.[14] In Trinidad, it has been used to treat sexually transmitted infections.[15]
In Dominican folk medicine, an herbal tea made from the leaves of C. spicatus is used for diabetes (hyperglycemia). However, a 2009 study concluded that C. spicatus tea "...had no efficacy in the treatment of obesity-induced hyperglycemia."[16]
References
edit- ^ a b "Costus spicatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture. "PLANTS Profile for Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag)". USDA Plants. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
- ^ a b c "Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro (2015). "Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag ginger)". CABI Digital Library. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.119443. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Untitled". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ Andrew, Gaspard Michael; John, Lyndon (2010). National Invasive Species Strategy for Saint Lucia (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ Graveson, Roger (2009). Plant Taxonomy of Saint Lucia (PDF). FCG International Ltd. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Top Tropicals Botanical Garden (2010). "Costus spicatus, Alpinia spicata, Spiked Spiralflag". Retrieved 2010-12-25.
- ^ George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005.
- ^ Skinner, Dave (October 2008). "Costus of the Golfo Dulce Region" (PDF). Heliconia Society International Bulletin. 14 (4). Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ Skinner, Dave. "Costus Scaber and Affinities". GingersRus. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ Skinner, Dave. "Costus Scaber". GingersRus. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ Volkow, Lucía Pérez (2020). Filling Gender Gaps: Determining How Traditional Knowledge Of Lacandon Maya Women Shape The Diet And The Landscape In Lacanja Chansayab, Mexico. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
- ^ Reimers, EAL; Fernández, EC; Reimers, DJL; Chaloupkova, P; Del Valle, JMZ; Milella, L; Russo, D (2019). "An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico". Plants. 8 (8): 246. doi:10.3390/plants8080246. hdl:11563/138542. PMID 31344952.
- ^ Wong, Wesley (1976). "Some Folk Medicinal Plants From Trinidad". Economic Botany. 30: 103–142. doi:10.1007/BF02862958.
- ^ Keller AC, Vandebroek I, Liu Y, Balick MJ, Kronenberg F, Kennelly EJ, Brillantes AM (January 2009). "Costus spicatus tea failed to improve diabetic progression in C57BLKS/J db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 121 (2): 248–54. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.025. PMC 2643842. PMID 19027842.