The Treason Act 1554 (1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 10) was an Act of the Parliament of England.[1] It is not to be confused with two other Acts about treason passed in the same year, 1 & 2 Ph. & M. cc. 9 and 11 (summarised below).
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Acte wherby certayne Offences bee made Treasons; and also for the Government of the Kinges and Quenes Majesties Issue. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 10 |
| Territorial extent | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 16 January 1555 |
| Repealed | 30 July 1948 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | |
| Repealed by | |
| Relates to | |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Long title
editThe long title was "An Acte wherby certayne Offences bee made Treasons; and also for the Government of the Kinges and Quenes Majesties Issue."[2] The words in the long title of the Act from "and also" were repealed on 30 July 1948 by the Statute Law Revision Act 1948.[3]
Provisions
editSection 1 to 6 – Protection of King Philip
editThe Act provided legal protection to King Philip, who had married Queen Mary I on 25 July 1554 and became co-monarch of England and Ireland. It became an offence to "compass or imagine to deprive the King's Majesty from the having with the Queen the style, honour and kingly name, or to destroy the King, or to levy war within this realm against the King or Queen," or to say that the King ought not to have his title. The penalty for a first offence was forfeiture of goods and "perpetual imprisonment". A second offence was high treason. However to "compass or imagine the death of the King" or to remove him from government was high treason on a first offence.
The Act also declared that if Mary died and her heir was not yet 18 if male, or was under 15 and unmarried if female, then Philip would govern the realm until the heir to the throne came of age (or was married, if female). In that event, it would be treason to "compass, attempt, and go about to destroy the person of the King, or to remove his Highness from the government".
Section 7 – Procedure
editSection 7 required trials for "any treason" (not just treason under this Act) to be conducted in accordance with the common law, "and not otherwise".
Section 8 – Misprision of treason
editSection 8 provided that the concealment or keeping secret of treason constituted misprision of treason but not treason:
Provided always, and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that concealment or keeping secret of any high treason be deemed and taken only misprision of treason, and the offenders therein to forfeit and suffer, as in cases of misprision of treason hath heretofore been used; any thing above mentioned to the contrary notwithstanding.
Sections 9 to 12 – Further procedure
editSection 9 preserved privilege of peerage — the right of peers of the realm to be tried by their peers. Section 10 stipulated that offences against the Act which were committed "only by preaching or words" must be prosecuted within six months.
Section 11 created a new rule of evidence for cases of treason under this Act (but not other treasons). It required all of the witnesses against the defendant (or at least two of them) to attend court to give evidence against him in person, "if living and within the realm". (The rule did not apply if the defendant pleaded guilty.) Different versions of this two witnesses rule were adopted in the Sedition Act 1661, the Treason Act 1695, and eventually in Article Three of the United States Constitution. The rule was first enacted in the Treason Act 1547.[4]
Section 12 made similar provision to section 7.
Section 13 – Accessories
editSection 13 provided the rule for how accessories were to be treated for aiding and abetting a crime for which the penalty depended on whether it was the defendant's first or second offence. An accessory was to receive the same penalty as the principal offender, regardless of whether the accessory had committed the offence before.
Repeals
editThe Act, except sections 6 and 8, was repealed on 28 July 1863 by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863.[5]
The whole Act was repealed by the Criminal Law Act 1967.[6]
Ireland
edit| Treason Act 1556 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act whereby certein Offences be made Treasons; and also for the Government of the King and Queen's Majestie's Issue. |
| Citation | 3 & 4 Phil. & Mar. c. 11 (I) |
The act was adopted by the Parliament of Ireland as the Treason Act 1556 (3 & 4 Phil. & Mar. c. 11 (I)).[7]
Other treason legislation in 1554
edit| Traitorous Words Act 1554 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| | |
| Long title | An Act for the Punishment of Traiterous Words against the Queen. |
| Citation | 1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 9 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 16 January 1555 |
| Repealed | 10 August 1872 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1863 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Counterfeit Coin Act 1554 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| | |
| Long title | An Act for the Punishment of bringing in of counterfeit Coin of Foreign Realms, being current within this Realm. |
| Citation | 1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 11 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 16 January 1555 |
| Repealed | 1 May 1832 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Coinage Offences Act 1832 |
Status: Repealed | |
Two other Acts concerning treason were passed in 1554: 1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 9 and 1 & 2 Ph. & M. c. 11. The former made it treason to "pray or desire that God will shorten the Queen's days".[8] The latter made it treason to import counterfeit coins and returned the rules of evidence to what they had been before the Treason Act 1547.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Treason Act 1554 [1 & 2 Phil. II. & Mar. I. – A.D. 1554 Chapter X]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 55–60. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, which is headed "Title".
- ^ Section 1, and the first schedule.
- ^ 1 Ed. 6 c. 12, s. 22
- ^ Section 1 and the Schedule.
- ^ Section 10(2), and Part I of Schedule 3.
- ^ "Irish Statute Book" website Archived 2016-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Traitorous Words Act 1554 [1 & 2 Phil. II. & Mar. I. – A.D. 1554 Chapter IX]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. p. 54. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Counterfeit Coin Act 1554 [1 & 2 Phil. II. & Mar. I. – A.D. 1554 Chapter XI]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 60–61. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive.
External links
edit- The Treason Act 1554, Danby Pickering, The Statutes at Large, 1763, vol. 6, pp. 53 – 55 (from Google Book Search)