Gegenschein (/ˈɡeɪɡənˌʃaɪn/; German: [ˈɡeːɡn̩ˌʃaɪn]; lit. 'counter-shine') or counterglow is a faintly bright spot in the night sky centered at the antisolar point. The backscatter of sunlight by interplanetary dust causes this optical phenomenon, being a zodiacal light and part of its zodiacal light band.
Explanation
editLike zodiacal light, gegenschein is sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust. Most of this dust orbits the Sun near the ecliptic plane, with a possible concentration of particles centered at the L2 point of the Earth–Sun system.[1]
Gegenschein is distinguished from zodiacal light by its high angle of reflection of the incident sunlight on the dust particles. It forms a slightly brighter elliptical spot of 8–10° across directly opposite the Sun within the dimmer band of zodiacal light and zodiac constellation.[2] The intensity of the gegenschein is relatively enhanced because each dust particle is seen at full phase,[3] having a difficult to measure apparent magnitude of +5 to +6, with a very low surface brightness in the +10 to +12 magnitude range.[4]
History
editIt is commonly stated that the gegenschein was first described by the French Jesuit astronomer and professor Esprit Pézenas (1692–1776) in 1730. Further observations were supposedly made by the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt during his South American journey from 1799 to 1803. It was Humboldt who first used the German term Gegenschein.[5] However, research conducted in 2021 by Texas State University astronomer and professor Donald Olson discovered that the Danish astronomer Theodor Brorsen was actually the first person to observe and describe one in 1854, although Brorsen had thought that Pézenas had observed it first.[6] Olson believes what Pézenas actually observed was an auroral event, as he described the phenomenon as having a red glow; Olson found many other reports of auroral activity from around Europe and Asia on the same date Pézenas made his observation. Humboldt's report instead described glowing triangular patches on both the western and eastern horizons shortly after sunset, while true gegenschein is most visible near local midnight when it is highest in the sky.
Brorsen published the first thorough investigations of the gegenschein in 1854.[7] T. W. Backhouse discovered it independently in 1876, as did Edward Emerson Barnard in 1882.[8] In modern times, the gegenschein is not visible in most inhabited regions of the world due to light pollution.
See also
edit- Antisolar point
- Earth's shadow
- Heiligenschein
- Interplanetary dust cloud
- Kordylewski cloud
- Opposition surge, the apparent brightening of a coarse surface or an aggregate of many particles when illuminated from directly behind the observer
- Sylvanshine
References
edit- ^ Kopal, Zdeněk (June 14, 1962). "Communications on the Moon". New Scientist (291): 573.
- ^ "Take the Gegenschein Challenge". Sky & Telescope. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
- ^ Levasseur-Regourd, Anny-Chantal; Hiroichi Hasegawa (1991). Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Dust. International Astronomical Union Colloquium. p. 159. ISBN 0-7923-1365-8.
- ^ Dickinson, David (2016-02-03). "A Challenge in Visual Athletics: Hunting the Gegenschein". Universe Today. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
- ^ Sheehan, William (1995). The immortal fire within: the life and work of Edward Emerson Barnard. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0-521-44489-6.
- ^ Blaschke, Jayme (17 August 2021). "'Celestial Sleuth' corrects historical record on gegenschein discovery". Texas State University Newsroom. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ Moore, Patrick (2000). The Data Book of Astronomy. CRC Press. p. 490. ISBN 1-4200-3344-1.
- ^ Ley, Willy (April 1961). "The Puzzle Called Gegenschein". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 74–84.
External links
edit
- Gegenschein page on EarthSky.org
- Photos of gegenschein on SwissEduc.ch taken from Stromboli volcano
- "Zodiacal Light and the Gegenschein", an essay by J. E. Littleton
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Gegenschein Over Chile (7 May 2008)
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.