First Fruits and Tenths was a form of tax on clergy taking up a benefice or ecclesiastical position in Great Britain. The Court of First Fruits and Tenths was established in 1540 to collect from clerical benefices certain moneys that had previously been sent to Rome.
| First Fruits and Tenths Act 1534 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act concerning the Payments of First-fruits of all Dignities, Benefices and Promotions Spiritual; and also concerning one annual Pension of the tenth Part of all the Possessions of the Church, Spiritual and Temporal, granted to the King's Highness and his Heirs. |
| Citation | 26 Hen. 8. c. 3 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 18 December 1534 |
| Repealed | 15 July 1926 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | Statute Law Revision Act 1888 |
| Repealed by | First Fruits and Tenths Measure 1926 |
Status: Repealed | |
| First Fruits and Tenths (No. 2) Act 1534 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| |
| Long title | An Act that no Farmers of Spiritual Persons shall be compelled or charged to pay for their Leaser's First Fruits, or Year's Pension of the Tenth, granted to the King's Highness. |
| Citation | 26 Hen. 8. c. 17 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 18 December 1534 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | First Fruits and Tenths Measure 1926 |
Status: Repealed | |
| First Fruits and Tenths Act 1535 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| |
| Long title | An Act for Discharge of Payment of the Tenth in that Year in which they pay their First Fruits. |
| Citation | 27 Hen. 8. c. 8 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 14 April 1536 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | First Fruits and Tenths Measure 1926 |
Status: Repealed | |
| First Fruits, etc. Act 1555 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act for the Extinguishment of the First Fruits, and touching Order and Disposition of the Tenths of Spiritual and Ecclesiastical Promotions, and of Rectories and Parsonages Impropriate, remaining in the Queen's Majesty's Hands. |
| Citation | 2 & 3 Ph. & M. c. 4 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 9 December 1555 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | First Fruits and Tenths Act 1558 |
Status: Repealed | |
| First Fruits and Tenths Act 1558 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act for the Restitution of the First Fruits, and Tenths and Rents reserved Nomine Decime, and of Parsonages Impropriate, to the Imperial Crown of this Realm. |
| Citation | 1 Eliz. 1. c. 4 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 8 May 1559 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amends | |
| Repeals/revokes | First Fruits, etc. Act 1555 |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1948 |
Status: Repealed | |
Clergy had to pay a portion of their first year's income (known as annates)[1] and a tenth of their revenue annually thereafter. Originally, the money was paid to the papacy, but Henry VIII's 1534 statute diverted the money to the English Crown as part of his campaign to pressure the Pope into granting him an annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon.
The Appointment of Bishops Act 1533 (25 Hen. 8. c. 20) allowed taxes on first fruits and tenths (of benefice’s income) to be transferred from the Pope to the King. Thomas Cromwell set up a special financial administration for these revenues. Following his removal from office, a separate administration was established: the Court of First Fruits and Tenths. In 1554 the court was dissolved, and responsibility for administration of these revenues passed to the Office of First Fruits and Tenths, a department of the Exchequer. During the 18th century, these payments formed the basis of Queen Anne's Bounty.
Substance and procedure
editFirst-fruits (annates) and tenths (decimae) originally formed part of the revenue paid by the clergy to the papal exchequer. The former consist of the first whole year's profit of all spiritual preferments, the latter of one-tenth of their annual profits after the first year.[2]
The proceedings of the court relate to a variety of aspects of the collection of these dues for the Crown and include, for example, accountings, sheriffs' returns to writs concerning livings and their incumbents and appearances and hearings in cases of first fruits.
The income derived from first-fruits and tenths was annexed to the revenue of the Crown by the First Fruits and Tenths Act 1534 (26 Hen. 8. c. 3), and so continued until 1703.[2] The Court of First Fruits and Tenths was subsequently subsumed into the Exchequer Office of First Fruits and Tenths in 1554.
Beginning in 1703, Queen Anne's Bounty was the name applied to a perpetual fund of first-fruits and tenths granted by a charter of Queen Anne and confirmed by the Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1703 (2 & 3 Ann. c. 20), for the augmentation of the livings of the poorer Anglican clergy. In accordance with the provisions of two acts of 1706, Queen Anne's Bounty Act 1706 (6 Ann. c. 24); and Taxation (No. 5) Act 1706 (6 Ann. c. 27), about 3,900 poor livings under the annual value of £50 were discharged from first-fruits and tenths.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 729–730.