This article possibly contains original research. (January 2024) |
Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 852 was the first known military conflict between the armies of Bulgaria (from 913 Bulgarian Empire), under the rule of Boris I,[1][failed verification] and the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I, during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It was fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border[2][failed verification] in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of warring sides emerged victorious, Bulgarian forces retreated and finally both parties subsequently concluded a peace treaty.[3]
| Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 852 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Croatian–Bulgarian wars | |||||||
 Bulgaria under rule of knyaz Boris I and 852 campaign against Croatia (middle-left) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Duchy of Littoral Croatia |
 First Bulgarian Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Duke Trpimir I of Croatia | possibly Khan (Knyaz) Boris I of Bulgaria | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
Background
editIn the middle of the 9th century, Bulgaria was a powerful country in the central and eastern Balkans. The Bulgarian ruler Boris I from Krum's dynasty made an alliance with the Moravian Prince Rastislav to strengthen his position against King Louis II of Germany, the ruler of East Francia. On the other side, Duke Trpimir I of Croatia was a faithful Frankish vassal. Between 846 and 848, he occasionally but effectively fought against the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice both on land and sea.
Bulgarian khan Boris attacked the Croats in 852, and Trpimir negotiated a favorable peace afterwards.[4]
Bulgaria's ongoing expansion to the west reached Croatian borders. Bulgarian forces invaded Croatia in 852 in northeastern Bosnia, where Croatia and Bulgaria bordered at the time.
Battle and aftermath
editAccording to available sources, there was only one major battle between the Bulgarian army and the Croatian forces. Sources say that the invading army led by the powerful Bulgarian Khan Boris I fought Duke Trpimir's forces on the mountainous territory of present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina in 852.
The exact place and time of the battle is not known due to the lack of contemporary accounts of the battle. Neither Bulgarian nor Croatian side emerged victorious. Very soon afterward, both Boris of Bulgaria and Trpimir of Croatia turned to diplomacy and reached a peace treaty. Negotiations resulted in a long term establishment of peace with the border between the Duchy of Croatia and the Bulgarian Khanate stabilized at the Drina River (between modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Serbia).
Trpimir fought the Bulgarians in northeastern Bosnia and defeated them in 855.[5][better source needed]
Aftermath
editBulgaria had a successful war against Rascia in 853, a medieval Serbian state,
The situation changed only when Simeon I, Bulgarian Tsar, started a new war against the Byzantine Empire and Croatia as well, by the end of the 9th century and in the first quarter of the 10th century, which ended with Simeon's death in 927.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Boris I". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2021-11-13.
- ^ Fine, John van Antwerp (13 November 2021). The Early Medieval Balkans, page 112. The University of Michigan Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0472081493.
- ^ Deliso, Christopher (13 November 2021). The History of Croatia and Slovenia, page 46. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020, Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 9781440873232.
- ^ "Trpimir I". Croatian Encyclopedia of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 2021-11-13.
- ^ Springer, Zvonko (1999). "Regional History of Vukovar and Ilok". Croatian History Net, 2005. Retrieved 13 November 2021.