Wikipedia

Crown Princess Gonghoe

Crown Princess Gonghoe (Korean: 공회빈 윤씨; 11 July 1553 – 14 April 1592[3]), of the Musong Yun clan, sometimes referred to as Yun Gonghoe-bin,[4] was a Joseon crown princess as the wife of Crown Prince Sunhoe, the only son of King Myeongjong and Queen Insun.

  • Crown Princess Gonghoe
  • 공회빈
Crown Princess of Joseon
Tenure27 November 1561 – 6 October 1563
PredecessorCrown Princess Park
SuccessorCrown Princess Yu
Born(1553-07-11)11 July 1553
Joseon
Died14 April 1592(1592-04-14) (aged 38)
Tongmyeong Hall, Changgyeonggung, Hanseong, Joseon
Burial
Sunchangwon in the Seooneung Cluster, Changneung-dong, Deogyang District, Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea[1][2]
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1561⁠–⁠1563)​
Posthumous name
Gonghoe
House
FatherYun Ok
MotherLady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan
ReligionBuddhism
Korean name
Hangul
공회빈 윤씨
Hanja
恭懷嬪尹氏
Revised RomanizationGonghoebin Yunssi
McCune–ReischauerKonghoebin Yunssi

Biography

edit

Early life and relatives

edit

The future Crown Princess Gonghoe was born on the 1st day, 6th month (Lunar calendar) in 1553, as the second daughter of Yun Ok, descending from the Musong Yun clan, and Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan.[5][6]: 37 

She had three siblings, whose marriage were all of connections with the royal family: her elder sister married Gu Sa-yeol (구사열; 具思說), a descendant of King Sejong the Great (great-grandson of Princess Gilan, a granddaughter of Sejong); her elder brother, Yun Baek-sun (윤백순; 尹百順), married a 3rd great-granddaughter of Grand Prince Hyoryeong, named Yi Cheon-yi (이천이; 李賤伊).[7][8][9] Her younger sister married Yi Ahn-seong (이안성; 李安性), a descendant of Jeong In-ji as well as another granddaughter of King Sejong.[10][11] In addition, Yun had a half-brother named Yun Baek-sang (윤백상; 尹百祥), son of a concubine.[12]

On her father's side, Lady Yun's 3rd great-grandfather, Yun Chung-bo (윤충보; 尹忠輔), refused to be an official of Joseon, a new state established after the coup d'état overthrowing Goryeo in 1392; his loyalty was praised by Taejo of Joseon, the founder of the new dynasty.[13]

On her mother's side, Lady Yun was a distant relative to the court through the consort kin, as many Joseon queen consorts came from the Papyeong Yun clan in 15th–16th century, including Queen Jeonghui, Queen Jeonghyeon, Queen Janggyeong, Queen Munjeong.[14] Her maternal grandfather, Yun Bong-jong, was the maternal grandson of Gong Hyo-ro (a 62nd-generation descendant of Confucius, through the Gokbu Gong clan) and a second cousin of Queen Wongyeong.[15][16] Her maternal grandmother was from the older Andong Kim clan and one of her aunts was Royal Noble Consort Myeong, a consort of King Seongjong,[17] and one of her maternal uncle-in-laws was a 3rd great-grandson of King Jeongjong.[18]

Becoming the Crown Princess

edit

In 1559, King Myeongjong ordered the selection of a suitable bride for his only son, the Crown Prince Yi Bu, from the girls aged 7 to 11 in Yangban families.[19] The king's uncle, Yun Won-hyeong, was a younger brother of Queen Munjeong, and he attempted to retain his control to the politics through the royal marriage; he claimed that one of his relatives, from the Changwon Hwang clan, would be the best candidate to be the crown princess.[20][21] Yun Won-hyeong hid the fact that Lady Hwang had chronic disease, making her successfully chosen in 1560, and the 5 of 6 etiquettes for the royal wedding was done as of early 1561.[22][23][24]

However, Lady Hwang seriously suffered from abdominal pain for months, and Myeongjong thought that an ill girl should not be crown princess, so the marriage was cancelled in the same year, and the court started another round of re-election. Instead, Lady Hwang became a concubine of the Crown Prince, styled "Yangje," known as Royal Consort Yangje, and she died soon afterwards.[20][25]

On the 21st day, 7th month (Lunar calendar) in 1561, Lady Yun became the final candidate for crown princess.[26][27] The wedding later took place in the same year, on the 21st day, 10th month, in the Myeongjeongjeon Hall of Changgyeonggung; from then on, Lady Yun was styled Crown Princess Deok (덕빈; 德嬪).[28][29]

After the marriage, Princess Deok's father Yun Ok became an official in the Six Ministries of Joseon as of 1562, but he fell into disrepute due to corruption. For instance, Yun Ok was accused of accepting bribes from his cousin Jeong Hui, who was a rich merchant, trying to make Jeong to be his daughter's new "milk father," but it did not become a thing because the Crown Princess refused.[30][31] Less than two years after the wedding, in 1563, the Crown Prince died young in Gyeongbokgung; from then on, Princess Deok's late husband was known as his posthumous name, Crown Prince Sunhoe.[2][5][32]

Widowhood

edit

As Princess Deok became a widow around the age of 10, and she never had any children, her mother-in-law Queen Insun ordered that she could still live in the court for the rest of her life.[29][33] King Myeongjong's mother, Queen Munjeong died in 1565, Queen Insun and Princess Deok participated in the jesa rituals in person, following the funeral traditions of the court.[34] The King also died in 1567; as he died childlessly, Queen Insun adopted one of the King's half-nephews to succeed the throne, later known as King Seonjo.[32][35] As Seonjo was still underage, Queen Insun became his regent until he came of age to reign later in the same year.[36] It was rumoured that Queen Munjeong and her brother Yun Won-hyeong insisted to move the tomb of King Jungjong out of the Seosamneung, but the new place was unfavorable, causing a series of misfortune in the following years.[37][38]

In 1569, Seonjo married Queen Uiin;[39] from then on, other than the King, there were in total four members of the royal family: Queen Inseong (wife of King Injong), Queen Insun (wife of King Myeongjong), Princess Deok, and Queen Uiin.[40][41]

It was recorded that Princess Deok was quite educated, able to teach royal consorts, and she forbade her relatives to visit the court.[29] In addition, Princess Deok was a pious Buddhist, often praying and holding religious ceremonies for her late husband and the royal family. Buddhism at the time was regarded heresy against Neo-Confucianism, but King Seonjo, out of pity, allowed his widowed sister-in-law to do so anyway.[42] Queen Insun and Queen Inseong both died in the 1570s.[43][44][45] During his early reign, Seonjo had yet to decide who would become the new crown prince, so Princess Deok lived in Changgyeong Palace, the residence of her late husband, as well as the place where traditionally Joseon crown princes lived.[33][46]

Around the 1560s, Princess Deok's father, Yun Ok, in the name of the royal wedding, embezzled in the grain trade from Honam and Yeongnam regions; he exchanged the crops from the government for a considerable amount of cotton cloth, as the bride price he could receive. The scandal was revealed in 1580, and Seonjo dismissed Yun Ok from office. As Yun Ok already used the cloth in the wedding, which was approved by King Myeongjong, making it impossible for Yun Ok to return the unjust enrichment, even by confiscating all of his properties, so Seonjo refused to punish him further.[47][48][49] Yun Ok died in 1584; his wife, mother of Princess Deok, died 12 years prior.[50]

Death

edit
 
Hamchunmun, a gate of the relics in Hamchunwon, Changgyeonggung

Princess Deok died in Tongmyeongjeon Hall, Changgyeonggung on 3rd day of the 3rd month in 1592.[5][51] A month later, the late Crown Princess received a posthumous name Gonghoe (공회; 恭懷), becoming the final title she would be known in history.[52]

Less than a month after the death of Crown Princess Gonghoe, the Japanese invaded Joseon. Before the late Crown Princess could receive a proper funeral, King Seonjo fled to Goyang; there, the King ordered her to be buried temporarily in the backyard of the palace. Soon after the King left the capital, people sacked grave goods in Changgyeong Palace, and before the officials could bury the Crown Princess' coffin in Hamchunwon (함춘원; 含春苑), the garden in the palace, the whole place was burned down.[29][46][53] At the time of the King's return in 1593, the Crown Princess' coffin was missing; he considered a ritual to summon her soul for the funeral, which was opposed by the officials as inappropriate.[51][54][55] Some surviving lady-in-waiting claimed that, as Crown Princess Gonghoe was a pious Buddhist, such a cremation would meet her last wish.[42][56] Seonjo attempted to retrieve her body from the presumed temporary burial place, but the officials could only find non-human bones. Her remains have never been found.[46][57]

Aftermath

edit

Spirit tablet burial

edit

Despite that Crown Princess Gonghoe's remains was never found, the government still sent officials and soldiers to prepare the ancestral rites of the Crown Prince and Princess. Since 1594, the ritual was held on the New Year, Cold Food Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and their death anniversaries every year, at the tomb of Crown Prince Sunhoe, Sunhoemyo (順懷墓).[58] The tomb was guarded by two officials, locating in Goyang, near the burial of Crown Prince Uigyeong.[59][60] In 1601, Seonjo ordered to build a temple in the capitial, dedicating for jesa ceremonies of the late Crown Prince and Crown Princess.[61][62]

 
Sunchangwon, the tomb of Crown Prince Sunhoe and Crown Princess Gonghoe in Goyang, South Korea

In 1603, the spirit tablet of Crown Princess Gonghoe and her husband were made;[63] they were missing in Ganghwa Island during the Qing invasion of Joseon, so the new ones were made after the war, in 1637.[51][64][65] As of 1678, during the reign of King Sukjong, as Myeongjong's spirit tablet was moved out from the main palace of Jongmyo, the spirit tablets of Crown Prince Sunhoe and Crown Princess Gonghoe was buried in Sunhoemyo, and the only official rite was on annual Cold Food Festivals.[66][67] However, buddhist monks in Bongeunsa still held rites on their death anniversaries, as of the reign of King Jeongjo.[68] On 30 January 1871, King Gojong renamed Sunhoemyo to Sunchangwon (순창원; 順昌園), unifying the names of royal tombs with the same class.[69][70]

Legacy

edit

During the Korean Empire,[71][72] Korea under Japanese rule,[73][74] and even after the establishment of South Korea, the ancestral rites of the royal tombs has been held annually to date. Currently prepared by the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration and Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, for Sunchangwon, the rite is on 14 April and 6 October (respectively death anniversary of the Crown Princess and Crown Prince, in Gregorian calendar).[75][76]

In Mungyeong, North Gyeongsang Province, there is a 16th-century wooden statue of Amitābha, preserved in Bongam temple. The statue was made around 1586, and it is an important relic of early Joseon Buddhist art before the Japanese invasion. Modern scholars believe that it may belonged to the Joseon royal family, likely once possessed by Crown Princess Gonghoe. The Buddhism statue was registered as the 1748th "Treasure of Korea," on 22 February 2012.[77]

Family

edit
  • Father - Yun Ok (윤옥; 尹玉; 1511–1584)
  • Mother - Lady Yun of the Payeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨; 坡平 尹氏; 1515–1572)
  • Sibling(s)
    • Older sister - Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan (무송 윤씨; 1539–1570)
    • Older brother - Yun Baek-sun (윤백순; 尹百順; 1552–?)
    • Younger half-brother - Yun Baek-sang (윤백상; 尹百祥; 1554–1621)
    • Younger sister - Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan (무송 윤씨; 1555–1637)
    • Younger sister - Lady Yun of the Musong Yun clan (무송 윤씨; 1556–?)
  • Spouse - Yi Bu, Crown Prince Sunhoe (순회세자 부; 11 July 1557 – 16 October 1563) — No issue.

References

edit
  1. ^ 고양 서오릉 (高陽 西五陵). 국가문화유산포털.
  2. ^ a b 신정일 (2021). 왕릉 가는 길. 쌤앤파커스. ISBN 979-1-165-34281-4.
  3. ^ In Lunar Calendar, the Princess consort was born on 1 June 1553 and died on 3 March 1592
  4. ^ Ham Kyoo-jin (2006). 왕이 못된 세자들 [The Crown Princes who didn't become the King] (in Korean). Gimyeongsa. ISBN 9788934953487.
  5. ^ a b c "《順懷墓謄錄》（순회묘등록）". 디지털 장서각.
    「順懷世子諱暊，嘉靖辛亥五月二十八日誕生，戊午封世子癸亥九月二十日卒，享年十三歲；葬于高陽昌陵主峯鸚峯西麓。恭懷嬪尹氏，參判尹玉之女也；嘉靖癸丑六月初一日誕生，萬曆壬辰三月初三日卒，享年四十，附于同原。」
  6. ^ 尹瀅相, ed. (2005). 茂松尹氏大同譜 天 (무송윤씨대동보. 천 1/3). 회상사(回想社). pp. 35–37.
  7. ^ "《璿源錄》卷之二十九·永膺大君派" (PDF). 디지털 장서각.
  8. ^ 綾城具氏世譜 卷之八 (능성구씨세보 권지팔 2/3). 古典出版社. 15 November 1997.
  9. ^ "《璿源錄》卷之十八·孝寧大君四" (PDF). 디지털 장서각.
  10. ^ 宋時烈. "〈澤堂李公諡狀〉". 韓國學綜合DB.
  11. ^ "《璿源錄》卷之三十·桂陽君派" (PDF). 디지털 장서각.
  12. ^ 李植. "《澤堂先生別集》卷之十二·庶舅尹百祥傳". 韓國學綜合DB.
  13. ^ 홈 > 디렉토리분류 > 인물 생애 정보 > 윤충보(尹忠輔). 한국역대인물 종합정보시스템.
  14. ^ 尹命得, ed. (11 May 1994). 坡平尹氏昭靖公派世譜 (파평윤씨소정공파세보 2/2). 韓國譜學研究所. p. 152.
  15. ^ 《曲阜孔氏世譜》. 회상사(回想社). 1996. p. 6.
  16. ^ 閔圭鎬, ed. (1992). 《驪興閔氏世譜》卷之一. 회상사(回想社). p. 11.
  17. ^ 安東金氏翼元公派譜 卷一(안동김씨익원공파보 권일 1/5). 26 January 1992. p. 14.
  18. ^ 《璿源續譜》卷之一·定宗大王子孫錄·德泉君派. 장서각기록유산DB. 1902.
  19. ^ "《明宗實錄》25卷,明宗14年10月12日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  20. ^ a b 南泰良 (1774). 《大東彙纂》卷之一·君道·廢記.
  21. ^ 朝鮮社會研究會, ed. (14 September 2021). 朝鮮王朝面面觀. 白象文化. ISBN 9789869898386.
  22. ^ "《明宗實錄》26卷,明宗15年（1560年）7月20日第3條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  23. ^ 《昌原黃氏世譜》卷之五·判尹公派. 1957. p. 1.
  24. ^ "《明宗實錄》27卷,明宗16年3月16日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  25. ^ "《明宗實錄》27卷,明宗16年5月24日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  26. ^ Park Young-kyoo (2019). 조선왕 시크릿 파일: 우리가 몰랐던 조선 왕들의 인성과 사생활 이야기 [The Secret File of the Joseon King: The Personality and Private Life of the Kings of Joseon That We Didn't Know] (in Korean). Okdang Books. ISBN 9791196412890.
  27. ^ "《明宗實錄》27卷,明宗16年（1561年）7月21日第1條". Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  28. ^ "《明宗實錄》27卷,明宗16年（1561年）10月21日第1條". Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  29. ^ a b c d "《宣祖修正實錄》26卷,宣祖25年（1592年）3月3日第1條". Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  30. ^ "《明宗實錄》28卷,明宗17年3月6日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  31. ^ "《明宗實錄》28卷,明宗17年3月29日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  32. ^ a b 李廷馣. "《四留齋集》卷之八 / 行年日記上". 韓國學綜合DB.
  33. ^ a b 탁효정 (19 November 2007). [한국왕실의 여인불자들]19 순회세자빈 윤씨. 법보신문.
  34. ^ "《明宗實錄》34卷,明宗22年4月12日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  35. ^ 李容元. "《國朝寶鑑》卷之二十二 / 明宗朝一". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  36. ^ 宋麒壽. "《秋坡集》卷之二 / 啓". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  37. ^ "《明宗實錄》31卷,明宗20年5月30日第2條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  38. ^ 李粹光. "《芝峯類說》卷十九 / 宮室部·陵墓". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  39. ^ "《列聖誌狀通紀》卷十五 / 宣祖昭敬正倫立極盛德洪烈至誠大義格天煕運顯文毅武聖睿達孝大王·穆陵表石陰記". 韓國學古典綜合DB.
  40. ^ "《宣祖實錄》7卷，宣祖6年11月19日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  41. ^ 柳希春. "《眉巖集》卷之十 / 日記·刪節○上經筵日記別編·癸酉萬暦元年我宣廟七年". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  42. ^ a b Charlotte Horlyck, ed. (31 May 2014). Death, Mourning and the Afterlife in Korea: Ancient to Contemporary Times. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0824839680.
  43. ^ 柳希春. "《眉巖集》卷之十二 / 日記乙亥". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  44. ^ 李德懋. "《青莊館全書》卷之二十六 / 紀年兒覽[下]·【修】本朝世年紀". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  45. ^ 신병주 (22 October 2020). 왕비로 산다는 것. 매일경제신문사. ISBN 9791164841769.
  46. ^ a b c "《宣祖實錄》37卷，宣祖26年4月18日第3條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  47. ^ 양민 수십명 1년 군포 값 주자학 책은 양반 전유물. JoongAng Ilbo. 30 August 2002.
  48. ^ "《宣祖實錄》14卷，宣祖13年8月7日第2條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  49. ^ "《宣祖實錄》14卷，宣祖13年10月17日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  50. ^ 李誠中. "《坡谷遺稿》·贈大匡輔國崇祿大夫議政府右議政兼領經筵監春秋館事尹公神道碑銘". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  51. ^ a b c 李肯翊. "《燃藜室記述》第十一卷 / 明宗朝故事本末·順懷世子". 韓國學綜合DB.
  52. ^ Ilsŏngnok: Chŏngjo vol. 75 (in Korean). University of California: Minjok Munhwa Chʻujinhoe. 1998. p. 294. ISBN 9788979771459.
  53. ^ National Palace Museum of Korea, ed. (30 November 2015). The King at the Palace: Joseon Royal Court Culture at the National Palace Museum of Korea. Designintro. p. 92. ISBN 9788997748297.
  54. ^ 簡江作 (1 August 2005). 韓國歷史與現代韓國. 臺灣商務印書館. p. 117. ISBN 9789570519891.
  55. ^ "《宣祖實錄》第51卷，宣祖27年（1595年）5月26日第1條".
  56. ^ "《英祖實錄》第90卷，英祖33年（1757年）12月6日第1條".
  57. ^ "《宣祖實錄》第64卷，宣祖28年（1595年）6月2日第5條". Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  58. ^ "《宣祖實錄》48卷，宣祖27年2月22日第9條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  59. ^ 《增補文獻備考》卷七十一·禮考. 1908. p. 29.
  60. ^ 金正浩. "《大東地誌》卷三 / 京畿道·高陽". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  61. ^ 金正浩. "《大東地誌》卷一·京都". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  62. ^ 李裕元. "《林下筆記》卷之十四 / 文獻指掌編·順懷廟". 韓國古典綜合DB.
  63. ^ "《宣祖修正實錄》37卷，宣祖36年3月1日第2條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  64. ^ "《仁祖實錄》34卷，仁祖15年3月6日第1條". 《Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty》.
  65. ^ 승정원일기 58책 (탈초본 3책) 인조 15년 5월 10일 정축 3/3 기사. 《Seungjeongwon ilgi》.
  66. ^ "《銀臺便攷》卷之六·禮房攷·園墓". 《銀臺便攷》.
  67. ^ 李肯翊. "《燃藜室記述》別集第二卷 / 祀典典故". 韓國學綜合DB.
  68. ^ 승정원일기 1511책 (탈초본 82책) 정조 6년 6월 2일 정묘 35/38 기사. 《Seungjeongwon ilgi》.
  69. ^ 승정원일기 2759책 (탈초본 129책) 고종 7년 12월 10일 신미 8/13 기사. 《Seungjeongwon ilgi》.
  70. ^ 순창원위토(順昌園位土). 디지털 장서각.
  71. ^ 순회묘축식(順懷墓祝式) - 順懷墓 祝式 只寒食及告由告安同. 디지털 장서각.
  72. ^ 각궁각원제축식(各宮各園祭祝式). 디지털 장서각.
  73. ^ 각궁각원제축식(各宮各園祭祝式) - 順昌園 禧明祭祝式. 디지털 장서각.
  74. ^ "順懷世子 祝文". 디지털 장서각.
  75. ^ 全州李氏大同宗約院. 원·묘제향.
  76. ^ 문화재청 조선왕릉. 제향일정(祭享日程).
  77. ^ 문경 봉암사 목조아미타여래좌상 및 복장유물 (聞慶 鳳巖寺 木造阿彌陀如來坐像 및 腹藏遺物). 국가문화유산포털.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_Princess_Gonghoe&oldid=1255848812"