The csakan is a type of woodwind instrument that was popular in Austria-Hungary in the 19th century.[1]
| Woodwind | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Czakan, Csákány, Tsákány, Flûte douce |
| Classification |
|
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 421.221.12 (Flute with internal duct and finger holes) |
| Inventor(s) | Anton Heberle? |
| Developed | c.1806 from the recorder and Eastern European folk flutes |
| Playing range | |
 | |
| Related instruments | |
A type of duct flute, the csakan was originally a recorder crafted in the shape of a walking stick with a mouthpiece in the handle, reflecting the design of Hungarian war hammers which had been converted into flutes.[1][2] From the 1820s, a new design appeared, which was in the shape of an oboe or clarinet.[1][3]
The csakan is a transposing instrument in A-flat although it could also be considered a transposing instrument in A when used with guitars which were almost always tuned a semitone down when accompanying the csakan.[4] Modern manufacturers refer to it as "the Romantic recorder".[5]
Octaving is achieved on the csakan in the same manner as the recorder, that is by partially opening the thumb hole to allow it to act as a register vent. However, csakans were sometimes equipped with a removable bushing for the thumbhole which would create the correct opening size with the thumb removed from the hole. This necessitates the use of overblown fingerings for C♯5 and D5 which would otherwise be produced from the thumb hole.[4]
History
editIn the early 19th century, walking sticks with purposes other than walking aids were fashionable throughout the dual monarchy. This included various items such as telescopes, candlesticks and swords as well as musical instruments. While the walking stick versions of other instruments could simply play the existing repertoire, the walking stick recorder found itself with its own repertoire as the regular recorder was no longer being composed for.[4]
According to concert announcements from 1810, Anton Heberle was the inventor of the instrument. Heberle was also the first to perform on it publicly, in a concert in Pest on 18 February 1807.[1] The earliest design of the csakan was either keyless or only equipped with a single key used for playing D♯ (as on the traverso) but by about 1820, an additional 6 keys (for G♯, F, F♯, B♭, low C♯, and a trill key for B-C) had been added.[3] This 7-keyed csakan was referred to as a "complicirte csakan" (sophisticated csakan). Some later csakans had up to 13 keys and a range extending up an additional third with the addition of a special key.[3][4]
Franz Schöllnast, a csakan maker from Bratislava, reported at the time that the csakan was most popular amongst amateur musicians who desired a cheap and easy to play instrument. There were a handful of professional players, most notably the oboist Ernst Krähmer who was described as being able to "diminish and swell the notes, up to an almost unbelievable loudness" suggesting that techniques had been developed to overcome the change of pitch that occurs when increasing or decreasing the breath pressure on fipple flutes.[1]
During the course of the 19th century, it appears that some recorders by 18th century makers were converted for use as csakans as evidenced by surviving instruments by Denner and Staub with added keys and thumb hole bushings added to the aforementioned Denner as well as a recorder by Gahn.[6]
The csakan continued to be played until around the turn of the 20th century as evidenced by methods by Krähmer (1870), Köhler (1880) and Barth (1910). Around this time, a new instrument referred to as the Vogtland Csakan, Schulcsakan, Schulflöte or Wiener Flageolet came into popularity as a school instrument. These were usually equipped with 6 keys and had 7 finger holes and a thumb hole but were pitched in C. They are more closely related to the English flageolet than to the csakan. These were quickly overtaken in popularity by the newly rediscovered and much cheaper soprano recorder.[3]
Repertoire
editThere are an estimated 400–500 surviving works for the csakan by many different composers. Heberle and Krähmer were the most prolific composers for the csakan with most other composers only publishing a small handful of works. Heberle was the first to publish music for the instrument, Scala für den Ungarischen Csakan.[1][3] Much of the repertoire consists of arrangements of works for other instruments such as sonatas by Beethoven, waltzes by Johann Strauss II and various pieces extracted from popular operas of the time.[5]
Selection of works
editFor unaccompanied csakan
edit- Anton Heberle's Sonate Brillante
- Anton Heberle's Fantasie
- Ernst Krähmer's 12 Original-Ländler, op. 17
- Ernst Krähmer's arrangements of Johann Strauss II Galoppe und Walzer
For csakan and piano or guitar
edit- Ernst Krähmer's Rondeau Hongrois, op. 28
- Joseph Gebauer's Sonate, op. 17
- August Eberhard Müller's arrangement of Carl Maria von Weber's Rondo, op. 39
For csakan and strings
edit- Anton Heberle's Andante con variazioni
- Karl Scholl's Quartetto
- Wilhelm Klingenbrunner's 12 Walzer, op. 47
For csakan and orchestra
edit- Anton Heberle's Concertino
- Ernst Krähmer's Concert Polonaise, op. 5
Prominent Csakan Players
edit- Anton Heberle
- Ernst Krähmer (1795–1837)
- Hugo Reyne (born 1961)
- Nik Tarasov
Makers of Csakans
edit| Name | Location | Years Active | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blessner, August | Budapest | 1806–1854 | |
| Carl, Georg Franz | Nuremberg | 1825–1846 | |
| Doke, Carl | Linz | 1810–? | Also his son Alois |
| Fritsche, Carl August | Dresden | 1803–1809 | |
| Gohin, Henri | Paris | 1978– | |
| Hammig, Friedrich | Vienna | 1791–1823 | |
| Hell, Ferdinand | Brno, Vienna | 1830–1869 | |
| Hofman, Elmar | Germany | ? | First maker to copy csakans in the 20th century |
| Gebrüder Hoyer | Vienna | 1831–1853 | |
| Hulsens, Guido | Coulonges | 1975– | Copies of Ziegler |
| Knechtl, Sebastian | Vienna | 1842–1873 | |
| Kobliczek, Peter | Germany | ? | Recorders in A-flat for playing csakan repertoire |
| Koch, Stephan | Vienna | 1807–1866 | Also his son Stephan Jr. |
| Merklein, Johann Baptist | Vienna | 1799–1852 | |
| Mollenhauer, Bernhard | Fulda | 1961– | Copies of Ziegler |
| Mollenhauer, Johann Andreas | Fulda | 1822–1870 | |
| Muss, Franz | Vienna | 1864–1903 | |
| Gebrüder Placht | Schönbach, Vienna, Budapest | 1825–1925 | |
| Schöllnast, Franz | Bratislava | 1811–1882 | Also his son Johann |
| Schweffer, Heinrich | Graz | c.1850–1900 | |
| Uhlmann, Johann Tobias | Vienna | 1810–1838 | |
| Unglerth, Simon | Ljubljana | 1798–1854 | |
| Winckler, Johann Gottlieb | Leipzig | c.1790–1837 | |
| Wenner, Martin | Singen | ?- | Copies of Ziegler |
| Ziegler, Johann | Vienna | 1821–1895 | Also his son Johann Baptist |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Betz, Marianne (2001). "Csakan". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
- ^ Tarasov, Nikolaj (2009). "Was ist ein Csakan? Von der Waffe zum Musikinstrument" [What is a csakan? From war hammer to musical instrument]. Windkanal (1): 14–19. ISSN 1864-6204.
- ^ a b c d e Reyne, Hugo (2009). Viennoiseries musicales. (Booklet) Portland, Oregon, USA: Allegro Corporation.
- ^ a b c d Schaller, Helmut. "Der Csakan bei Ernest Krähmer" (PDF). Wiener Oboen-Journal.
- ^ a b "Csakan – the recorder from the 19th century". www.csakan.de. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
- ^ Tarasov, Nikolaj (2010). "Barockblockflöten 2.0: Indizien für die Verwendung von Barockblockflöten um 1800" [Baroque recorders 2.0: indicators of the use of Baroque recorders around 1800]. Windkanal (1): 12–15. ISSN 1864-6204.