The Cuban gar (Atractosteus tristoechus), also known as the manjuarí, is a fish in the family Lepisosteidae.[4] It is a tropical, freshwater species, although it also inhabits brackish water.[5] It is found in rivers and lakes of western Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud.[5] The flesh of the fish is edible, but the eggs are poisonous for humans.[6]
| Cuban gar | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Clade: | Ginglymodi |
| Order: | Lepisosteiformes |
| Family: | Lepisosteidae |
| Genus: | Atractosteus |
| Species: | A. tristoechus
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| Binomial name | |
| Atractosteus tristoechus Bloch & Schneider 1801
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| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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Cuban gar spawn seasonally in the floodplains of large rivers.[7]
Behavior
editCuban gar typically hunt alone and avoid other members of their species. The exception to this is during spawning season, when larger parties of around 20 gar form to hunt. Sometimes, the groups break up into smaller groups, and two to eight males accompany a female. Atractosteus gar species generally have sex ratios skewed towards males (in the cases of tropical gar or alligator gar), although research has yet to show this trend in the Cuban gar.[8][9][10]
Morphology
editAdult Cuban gars are typically around 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, but can grow as large as 2 m (6.6 ft). There is no known variance in length relative to sex. This places it as the second largest extant species of gar, after the alligator gar.[7]
The Cuban gar, along with other species of gar, is also notable for its high tolerance of high ammonia and nitrate levels in water,[11] its ability to breathe some atmospheric air in absence of sufficiently oxygenated water,[12] and its disease resistance.[13]
Larval development
editAfter hatching, Cuban gar larvae undergo three stages of organogenesis and development: attached (days 1–3), transitional (days 4–10), and free-swimming (days 11–18).[14] During the attached stage, the larvae develop rudimentary intestines, stomachs, pancreases, and esophagi that help the larvae transition from feeding off the egg yolk to normal feeding, which begins during the transitional phase. The transitional phase is marked by further development of these organs and a lack of obvious yolk.
During this phase, teeth also develop. Once separation occurs between the stomach and intestines—increased organ size and complexity, and completely exotrophic behavior has arisen—the larvae are considered “free swimming”.[14] While they are larvae, Cuban gar grow from around 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in length in the attached phase, to 4 cm (1.6 in) in length in the free-swimming phase.[citation needed]
Ecology
editLike other species of gars, Cuban gar are top-level predators in freshwater ecosystems.[15] Adults feed on freshwater fishes and birds. Young are prey to the introduced largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). As an animal with a high trophic level, the gar has lost much of its population due to overfishing and habitat loss. Attempts to restore natural fish populations using them in aquaculture are currently in progress,[15] but these ideas have yet to reach implementation.
Cuban gar are currently under research for use in broodstocking, both due to the threatened status of gar species and due to the potentially valuable role of gar in reducing the pressure of fisheries on natural aquatic ecosystems.[16] No implementation of Cuban gar broodstocking for ecological protection has yet occurred, however.
References
edit- ^ Lyons, T.J., Ulmo-Díaz, G., García-Machado, E. & Ponce de León, J. 2021. Atractosteus tristoechus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T46104013A124286091. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T46104013A124286091.en. Downloaded on 13 April 2021.
- ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Lepisosteidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Lepisosteidae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Atractosteus tristoechus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Atractosteus tristoechus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)". Fish Base. Retrieved 12 Sep 2012.
- ^ Lee, D.S., S.P. Platania and G.H. Burgess, 1983. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes, 1983 supplement. Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Biological Survey no. 1983-6. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, N.C. 67 p.
- ^ a b Dean B. (1895) The early development of gar-pike and sturgeon. Journal of Morphology 11, 1–53.
- ^ Holloway A. (1954) Notes on the Life History and Management of the Shortnose and Lognose Gars in Florida Waters. Journal of Wildlife Management 18, 440–449.
- ^ Reséndez A. & Salvadores M. (1983) Contribución al Conocimiento de la Biología de Pejelagarto Atractosteustropicus (Gill) y la Tenguayaca Peteniasplendida(Günther) del Estado de Tabasco. Biotica 8, 413–426.
- ^ Morales G. (1987) Reproducción y Desarrollo Embriológico del Catán (LepisosteusspatulaLacepede): Primeros Resultados. In: Secrtería de Pesca, pp. 41–70. Manual Técnico para el aprovechamiento de existencias silvestres, México, D.F.
- ^ Boudreaux P., Ferrara A. & Fontenot Q. (2007a) Chloride inhibition of nitrite uptake for non-teleost Actinopterygiian fishes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A 147, 420–423.
- ^ Hill L., Renfro J. & Reynolds R. (1972) Effects of dissolved oxygen tensions upon the rate of young spotted har, Lepisosteusoculatus(Lepisosteidae). The Southwestern Naturalist 17, 273–278.
- ^ León R., Aguiar R. & Hernández I. (1978) Estudio sobre la biología y el cultivo artificial del manjuarí (Atractosteus tristoechus) Blosh y Schneider. Dirección Ramal de Acuicultura, Investigación No. 85, 25pp.
- ^ a b Comabella Y, Mendoza R, Aguilera C, Carrillo O, Hurtado A, García-Galano T (2006). "Digestive enzyme activity during early larval development of the Cuban gar Atractosteus tristoechus". Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 32 (2): 147–157. Bibcode:2006FPBio..32..147C. doi:10.1007/s10695-006-0007-4.
- ^ a b Mendoza Alfaro, R., González, C. A. and Ferrara, A. M. (2008), Gar biology and culture: status and prospects. Aquaculture Research, 39: 748–763. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x
- ^ Mendoza R., Aguilera C., Rodríguez G. & Márquez G. (2000) Estrategias para la domesticación de especies en acuacultura: El catán (Atractosteusspatula). In: Redes Nacionales de Investigación en Acuacultura, Memorias de la V Reunion (ed. by Ramírez-FloresÁlvarez Torres & Torres-RodríguezY Mora-Cervantes), pp. 95–102. Instituto Nacional de Pesca-SEMARNAP, Distrito Federal, México.