Cultural exception (French: l'exception culturelle) is a political concept introduced by France in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations in 1993[1] to treat culture differently from other commercial products. In other words, its purpose is to consider cultural goods and services as exceptions in international treaties and agreements especially with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Its goals are to point out that States are sovereign as far as limitation of culture free trade is concerned in order to protect and promote their artists and other elements of their culture. Concretely, it can be seen through protectionist measures limiting the diffusion of foreign artistic work (quotas) or through subsidies distributed according to the country's cultural policy.
GATT negotiations (1993)
editIn 1992, some countries had voiced their concerns during the final negotiations of the Uruguay Round that implementation of the GATT principles on cultural goods and services "would undermine their cultural specificity (and unique status), in favour of their commercial aspects".[2]
The purpose of Cultural exception is to treat cultural goods and services differently from other traded goods and services because of the intrinsic differences of such goods and services. Many countries defended the fact that cultural goods and services "encompass values, identity and meanings that go beyond their strictly commercial value".[3] It notably allowed France to maintain quotas and subsidies to protect its cultural market from other nation's cultural products, most notably American, on television and radio. South Korean policy in favor of its movie industry is another example of how cultural exception is used to protect the audiovisual market.[4]
First the debate concerned mainly audiovisual products. Secondly, in the WTO liberalization process, every country decides which sectors it will deregulate. Audiovisual services is one of the sectors where the number of WTO members with commitments is the lowest (30, as of 31 January 2009)[5] (Source: WTO) [2]
1994 NAFTA
editIn 1994, Canada included a cultural exemption clause in the North American Free Trade Agreement.[6]
MAI
editDraft agreement negotiated between members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1995–1998, The Multilateral Agreement on Investment or MAI's ostensible purpose was to develop multilateral rules that would ensure international investment was governed in a more systematic and uniform way between states. After an intense global campaign was waged against the MAI by the treaty's critics, the host nation France announced in October 1998 that it would not support the agreement, effectively preventing its adoption due to the OECD's consensus procedures. The French government had identified respect for cultural differences as a requirement for French support for the agreement.[6][7]
The French Cultural Exception
editFrance has been especially notable in pursuing the policy of cultural exception and its stance has sometimes attracted criticism. It was pursued by André Malraux in the post-second world war period when he was French minister of culture. In each branch of culture there is an automatic subsidy system for creative works. One example of these measures is the National Center of Cinematography and the moving image, which taxes cinema ticket sales and uses those funds to help the production or distribution of French cinema. Another example of protectionist measures is the audiovisual law (Loi sur l'audiovisuel) which specified for instance that "radio has to broadcast 40% French songs and, within this quota, 20% new talents."[8]
The effects of this policy in France is suggested by the fact that between 2005 and 2011, between 45% and 55% of its film products were American imports, compared to 60 to 90% American imports in other European film markets.[9][10][11]
Cultural diversity at UNESCO
editCultural exception has been gradually replaced by the more consensual concept of cultural diversity[12] as shows the adoption in October 2005, of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (which followed the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity). Sponsored by France and Canada, the convention was passed 148-2, with four nations abstaining from voting. The United States and Israel voted against the proposal.
The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is a legally binding international agreement that supports Member-States' wills to assert their right in applying cultural policies and measures that exclude cultural goods and services from international trade agreements.[13]
The United States claims that cultural exception is a form of protectionism that harms global trade and that the UNESCO Convention deals with such protectionism rather than cultural diversity. In addition, it claims that the UNESCO Convention allows for oppressive governments to suppress minority cultural voices. The film industry and other cultural industries in the United States are also against the concept of cultural exception, as it harms their export market, and have lobbied the United States to take its current position against cultural exception.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ (in French) Hacker, V. (2006), « L'Art délicat de la politique audiovisuelle de l'Union européenne. Entre tractations commerciales et politique culturelle », Les politiques culturelles de l'Union, Dialogues européens, Presses de la Sorbonne, pp. 24-36.
- ^ "UNESCO". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ "Canadian Coalition for Cultural Diversity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ (in French) Hacker, Violaine (2011), « La télévision, un instrument démodé ou crucial pour l'avenir de l'Union européenne ? », revue Essachess : La télévision du présent et de l'avenir, Vol 4, No 7.
- ^ (in French) Hacker, Violaine (2011), " Cultiver la créativité, corollaire de la diversité culturelle européenne ", Revue Géoéconomie : Cinéma: le déclin de l'empire américain?, numéro 58, pp. 25-36.
- ^ a b "The "Trade and Culture" Issue, at the Origin of the Convention on the Protection and the Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions" (PDF). FICDC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ Commons, The Committee Office, House of. "House of Commons - European Scrutiny - Twelfth Report". www.publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ (in French) Audiovisual Law, "Politique culturelle : Audiovisuel". Archived from the original on 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
- ^ "A Global Culture War Pits Protectionists Against Free Traders". The New York Times. 5 February 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "World domination by box office cinema admissions". GreenAsh. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "Cinéma : 2011 année de records en France". France Soir (in French). 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ Buchsbaum, Jonathan (1 March 2006). ""The Exception Culturelle Is Dead." Long Live Diversity: French Cinema and the New Resistance". Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media. 47 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1353/frm.2006.0001. S2CID 154058319.
- ^ UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Art. 6, Par.2), [1]
- Acheson, Keith & Maule, Christopher (2006). "Chapter 33: Culture in International Trade". In Ginsburgh, Victor & Throsby, David (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of the Arts and Culture. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 1141–1183. doi:10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01033-7. ISBN 978-0-444-50870-6.
External links
edit- UNESCO on Culture and Industry
- International Federation of Coalitions for Cultural Diversity
- Canadian Coalition for Cultural Diversity Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
- French Coalition for Cultural Diversity
- UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions