Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (formally a derivative of paraquat) belongs to the class of cyclophanes, and consists of aromatic units connected by methylene bridges. It is able to incorporate small guest molecule and has played an important role in host–guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry.[2]
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| Properties | |
| C36H32N4 | |
| Molar mass | 520.663 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | white solid [1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The cyclophane is also referred to as Stoddart's blue box because its inventor, J. Fraser Stoddart, illustrates the electron-poor areas of molecules in a blue shade.[3]
Synthesis
editFor synthesis of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), 4,4'-bipyridine is reacted with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene to 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)]bis(4,4′-bipyridine), which is reacted in a template synthesis again with 4,4′-bipyridine to the final product. A common template for this synthesis is 1,5-bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]naphthalene.[1]
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Host guest chemistry
editCyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) is able to incorporate small guest molecules forming a host–guest complex. The interactions required for complex formation are donor-acceptor interactions and hydrogen bonding, their strength is highly dependent on the ability of the donor to provide π-electron density. Also an enlargement of the π-system enhances the binding. The kinetics of complex formation and dissociation depends on the bulkiness of the guest.[4]
One molecule which is able to form stable complexes with cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) is tetrathiafulvalene (TTF). Numerous derivatives are based on the chelating ability of tetrathiafulvalene. The modifications include mechanically entrapped compounds such as catenanes and rotaxanes, molecular switches and larger supramolecular structures.[4]
The charge-transfer interactions, present in complexes of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), can be compared as structural motif with the more commonly used hydrogen bonds, especially in terms of directionality and complementarity (lock-and-key model). Charge-transfer complexes are easier to detect by spectroscopic methods and have a greater tolerance to various solvents, but also generally a lower association constant. Due to the lower association constant many fewer charge transfer complexes are known. Other non-covalent bonds such as solvophobic forces, metal-ligand interaction can be used to increase the association constant; numerous structures based on this strategy are known in literature.[5]
It was shown that the choice of the counterion of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) has a large influence on the association constant of the corresponding host–guest complex.[6] It is often used as hexafluorophosphate salt because in this form it is soluble in organic solvents.
Utilization
editTo create catenanes, the cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) can be used as a template to "thread" a crown ether with a π-donor component. Subsequently, its still open ends are linked with each other to obtain two closed rings.[7] A bistable catenane (a ring with two π-donor components) is already a simple example of a molecular switch. In the present example, a cyclic ether has been selected with a TTF and a DNP moiety. While the cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) surroundings the TTF unit in the rest position, the DNP unit is stable when the TTF is (reversible) is oxidized. The ring rotates in this case due to the coulomb repulsion around itself until the cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) encloses the DNP unit. A reverse movement occurs when the TTF unit is reduced again. This first example that proved the general feasibility, many more have followed.[8]
Derivates
editNumerous derivatives of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) have been developed, including an enlarged version of the molecule, in the literature referred ExnBox4+, where n is the number of p-phenylene rings (n = 0-3).[2] These variants with larger apertures are capable to included larger, different sized molecules. Based on the charge-transfer complexation of CBPQT4 + many supramolecular structures have been created, including fibrillar gels, micelles, vesicles, nanotubes, foldamers and liquid crystalline phases. In analogy to biological systems, which are assembled by hydrogen bonds to form supramolecular structures, the charge-transfer complexation is here an alternative.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b Masumi Asakawa; Wim Dehaen; Gerrit L’abbé; Stephan Menzer; Jan Nouwen; Françisco M. Raymo; J. Fraser Stoddart; David J. Williams (January 1996), "Improved Template-Directed Synthesis of Cyclobis(paraquat-phenylene)", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 61, no. 26, pp. 9591–9595, doi:10.1021/jo961488i, ISSN 0022-3263
- ^ a b Jonathan C. Barnes; Michal Juríček; Nicolaas A. Vermeulen; Edward J. Dale; J. Fraser Stoddart (2013), "Synthesis of ExnBox Cyclophanes", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 78, no. 23, pp. 11962–11969, doi:10.1021/jo401993n, PMID 24128112
- ^ Atwood, Jerry L.; Steed, Jonathan W. (2013). Supramolecular chemistry. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-68150-3.
- ^ a b Nielsen, Mogens Brøndsted; Jeppesen, Jan Oskar; Lau, Jesper; Lomholt, Christian; Damgaard, Dorthe; Jacobsen, Jens Peter; Becher, Jan; Stoddart, J. Fraser (2001). "Binding Studies between Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives and Cyclobis(paraquat-phenylene)". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 66 (10): 3559–3563. doi:10.1021/jo010173m. PMID 11348145.
- ^ a b Das, Anindita; Ghosh, Suhrit (2014-02-17). "Supramolecular Assemblies by Charge-Transfer Interactions between Donor and Acceptor Chromophores". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (8): 2038–2054. doi:10.1002/anie.201307756. PMID 24573995.
- ^ Andersen, Sissel S.; Jensen, Morten; Sørensen, Anne; Miyazaki, Eigo; Takimiya, Kazuo; Laursen, Bo W.; Flood, Amar H.; Jeppesen, Jan O. (2012). "Anion effects on the cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) host". Chemical Communications. 48 (42): 5157–5159. doi:10.1039/c2cc31225e. PMID 22516888.
- ^ Miljanić, Ognjen Š.; Dichtel, William R.; Mortezaei, Shahab; Stoddart, J. Fraser (2006). "Cyclobis(paraquat-phenylene)-Based [2]Catenanes Prepared by Kinetically Controlled Reactions Involving Alkynes". Organic Letters. 8 (21): 4835–4838. doi:10.1021/ol061864d. PMID 17020315.
- ^ Fahrenbach, Albert C.; Warren, Scott C.; Incorvati, Jared T.; Avestro, Alyssa-Jennifer; Barnes, Jonathan C.; Stoddart, J. Fraser; Grzybowski, Bartosz A. (2013-01-18). "Organic Switches for Surfaces and Devices". Advanced Materials. 25 (3): 331–348. Bibcode:2013AdM....25..331F. doi:10.1002/adma.201201912. PMID 22933356. S2CID 205246256.