Cynodontinae is a subfamily of tropical and subtropical South American fishes of the family Cynodontidae. They are characterized by an oblique mouth and very long distinct canines, which are used to capture and stab their prey, other fish that can be up to half the length of the cynodontine itself.[1] They are not prized as food fish, but are important in subsistence and commercial fisheries.[2] Hydrolycus are game fish, having been recently added to the International Game Fish Association in the fly and rod class. Cynodontid fish are also sometimes housed in aquaria.[3]
| Cynodontinae Temporal range: Miocene - Present
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Hydrolycus sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Cynodontidae |
| Subfamily: | Cynodontinae Eigenmann, 1907 |
| Genera | |
Taxonomy
editThis monophyletic subfamily contains only a few species: three species of Cynodon, four species of Hydrolycus, and one species in the monotypic genus Rhaphiodon, Rhaphiodon vulpinus.[2] These fish have been previously classified within Characidae.[2]
Rhaphiodon and Cynodon are sister groups to each other; these two genera together have a sister group relationship to the genus Hydrolycus.[2]
Distribution and habitat
editCynodontinae species are found throughout the Orinoco and Amazon basins, as well as the rivers of the Guianas. Of the cynodontines, R. vulpinus has the greatest distribution, including the Paraná-Paraguay River and Uruguay River basins.[2] Fossil teeth have been found in the Magdalena River basin and Salta, Argentina, where cynodontines are not currently found.[2]
These fish live in mid- to surface-water levels in rivers, flooded forests, and lakes.[2]
Appearance and anatomy
editCynodontines are distinguished by their oblique mouth and highly developed pair of dentary canine teeth. These fish can get relatively large; Hydrolycus species can reach 117 cm (46 in).[4]
Species
editHydrolycus species here are ordered based on their relationships from the most basal to the most apomorphic based on sister group relationships when possible.[2] Descriptions and dates based on ITIS.[5]
Rhaphiodon Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829
- Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (biara)
Cynodon Agassiz, 1829
- Cynodon gibbus (Agassiz, 1829)
- Cynodon meionactis Géry, Le Bail and Keith, 1999
- Cynodon septenarius Toledo-Piza, 2000
Hydrolycus Müller and Troschel, 1844
- Hydrolycus wallacei Toledo-Piza, Menezes and dos Santos, 1999
- Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier, 1819) (payara)
- Hydrolycus armatus (Jardine and Schomburgk in Schomburgk, 1841) (payara)
- Hydrolycus tatauaia Toledo-Piza, Menezes and dos Santos, 1999
References
edit- ^ van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0691170749.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Toledo-Piza, Mônica (2000). "The Neotropical Fish Subfamily Cynodontinae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): A Phylogenetic Study and a Revision of Cynodon and Rhaphiodon" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3286): 1–88. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2000)286<0001:TNFSCT>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86142314.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Cynodontidae". FishBase. May 2007 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Hydrolycus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ^ "Cynodontinae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved May 13, 2007.