Cytidine (symbol C or Cyd) is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. It is a white water-soluble solid[2] that is only slightly soluble in ethanol.[1]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Cytidine
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| Systematic IUPAC name
4-Amino-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one | |
| Other names
4-Amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone[1]
4-Amino-1-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.555 |
| KEGG | |
| MeSH | Cytidine |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C9H13N3O5 | |
| Molar mass | 243.217 |
| Appearance | white, crystalline powder[2] |
| Melting point | 230 °C (decomposes)[1] |
| -123.7·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Dietary sources
editDietary sources of cytidine include foods with high RNA (ribonucleic acid) content,[3] such as organ meats, brewer's yeast, as well as pyrimidine-rich foods such as beer. During digestion, RNA-rich foods are broken-down into ribosyl pyrimidines (cytidine and uridine), which are absorbed intact.[3] In humans, dietary cytidine is converted into uridine,[4] which is probably the compound behind cytidine's metabolic effects.
Cytidine analogues
editA variety of cytidine analogues are known, some with potentially useful pharmacology. For example, KP-1461 is an anti-HIV agent that works as a viral mutagen,[5] and zebularine exists in E. coli and is being examined for chemotherapy. Low doses of azacitidine and its analog decitabine have shown results against cancer through epigenetic demethylation.[6]
Biological actions
editIn addition to its role as a pyrimidine component of RNA, cytidine has been found to control neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, with supplementation decreasing midfrontal/cerebral glutamate/glutamine levels.[7] As such, cytidine has generated interest as a potential glutamatergic antidepressant drug.[7]
Related compounds
edit- Deoxycytidine is cytosine attached to a deoxyribose.
Properties
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References
edit- ^ a b c William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 3–140. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.
- ^ a b Robert A. Lewis, Michael D. Larrañaga, Richard J. Lewis Sr. (2016). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary (16th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 688. ISBN 978-1-118-13515-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Jonas DA; Elmadfa I; Engel KH; et al. (2001). "Safety considerations of DNA in food". Ann Nutr Metab. 45 (6): 235–54. doi:10.1159/000046734. PMID 11786646.
- ^ Wurtman RJ, Regan M, Ulus I, Yu L (Oct 2000). "Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans". Biochem. Pharmacol. 60 (7): 989–92. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00436-6. PMID 10974208. S2CID 18687483.
- ^ John S. James. "New Kind of Antiretroviral, KP-1461". AIDS Treatment News. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ "Scientists reprogram cancer cells with low doses of epigenetic drugs". Medical XPress. March 22, 2012.
- ^ a b Machado-Vieira, Rodrigo; Salvadore, Giacomo; DiazGranados, Nancy; Ibrahim, Lobna; Latov, David; Wheeler-Castillo, Cristina; Baumann, Jacqueline; Henter, Ioline D.; Zarate, Carlos A. (2010). "New Therapeutic Targets for Mood Disorders". The Scientific World Journal. 10: 713–726. doi:10.1100/tsw.2010.65. ISSN 1537-744X. PMC 3035047. PMID 20419280.