The DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey refers to the Marxist–Leninist insurgency waged by the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) against the Republic of Turkey, ongoing since 1990. The insurgency began with political assassinations in the early 1990s, and has escalated in the past few years with the use of suicide bombers.
Background
editThe organization was originally formed in 1978 by Dursun Karataş as Revolutionary Left (Turkish: Devrimci Sol or Dev Sol), a splinter faction of Devrimci Yol ("Revolutionary Way"), which splintered from the Turkish People's Liberation Party-Front (THKP-C), which in its turn was a splinter of Revolutionary Youth Federation (commonly known in Turkish as Dev Genç). Its first campaign of violence was during the Turkish political crisis (1976–80).
Timeline
editFirst years (1990–2001)
editThe DHKP/C began a new campaign against foreign interests in 1990, which included attacks against U.S. military and diplomatic personnel and facilities.
To protest what it considered US imperialism during the Gulf War, the DHKP/C assassinated two United States military personnel, wounded an Air Force officer and bombed more than 20 U.S. and NATO military, commercial and cultural facilities.[citation needed]
Vinnell-Brown & Root (VBR) Regional Manager John Gandy was killed in his office in Istanbul in February 1991 by a Dev Sol team that gained access to the office building by wearing Turkish National Police (TNP) uniforms.[citation needed] After tying Gandy to a chair, the Dev Sol operatives shot him multiple times in the head. They then wrote anti-US graffiti on the office walls in the victim's blood.[citation needed]
Dev Sol employed professional operational and counterintelligence tradecraft. It used sophisticated surveillance and counter-surveillance techniques, employed multi-layer assassination squads with surveillance, primary and secondary shooters, and it successfully exfiltrated its operatives back and forth between Western Europe and Turkey as needed. It skillfully employed professionally forged documents and disguises.[citation needed]
In August 1991, Andrew Blake, the head of the British Commercial Union in Istanbul, was killed in a shooting.[citation needed][5] His killing was claimed by DHKP/C. However, the Turkish wing of Islamic Jihad also claimed the killing. Dev Sol also claimed the assassinations of Hiram Abas (1990), Memduh Ünlütürk, İsmail Selen, Adnan Ersöz and Hulusi Sayın (1991) and Kemal Kayacan (1992), all retired Turkish military or intelligence officers.[citation needed]
In January 1996, it assassinated Özdemir Sabancı, a prominent Turkish businessman, and two others: associate Haluk Görgün and secretary Nilgün Hasefe. The killings were carried out by hired assassins who had been given access to Sabanci Towers by a member, student Fehriye Erdal, who worked there.[citation needed]
In June 1999, two members of the DHKP-C armed with pistols and a light anti-tank weapon attempted to attack the Consulate General of the United States, Istanbul. The attack was conducted in order to protest against Operation Allied Force and in solidarity with the people of Yugoslavia. Both attackers were killed in a firefight with police.[6]
Escalation (2001–present)
editDHKP/C added suicide bombings to its operations in 2001, with attacks against Turkish police in January and September of that year. On 10 September 2001, a suicide bomber killed himself and three other people in Istanbul, being the bloodiest attack perpetrated by the group.[7]
Security operations in Turkey and elsewhere have weakened the group, however. DHKP-C did not conduct any major attacks in 2003, although a DHKP/C female suicide bomber Sengul Akkurt's explosive belt detonated by accident on 20 May 2003 in Ankara, in a restroom, while she was preparing for an action.[8]
On 24 July 2004, another mistaken detonation, on a bus in Istanbul, occurred, killing Semiran Polat of DHKP-C and three more people and injuring 15 others.[9]
On 1 July 2005, Eyüp Beyaz of DHKP-C was killed in Ankara in an attempted suicide bombing attack on the ministry of justice.
In late February 2006, female member Fehriye Erdal was convicted in Belgium, while under house arrest.[citation needed] However, shortly before her conviction she escaped and still has not been found.
On 29 April 2009, Didem Akman of DHKP-C was wounded in her attempt to assassinate Hikmet Sami Türk at Bilkent University right before a lecture in Constitution Law. Akman and her accomplice S. Onur Yılmaz were caught.[10]
On 11 September 2012, a suicide bomber, a DHKP/C militant, blew himself up at the Sultangazi district in Istanbul killing himself, a Turkish National Police Officer.[11] The Turkish National Police identified the bomber as İbrahim Çuhadar, a member of DHKP/C.[11]
DHKP/C on 11 December 2012 Gaziosmanpasa also killed a policeman.[citation needed].
On 1 February 2013, a suicide bomber, a DHKP/C militant, blew himself up at the US embassy in Ankara, killing a Turkish security guard and wounding several other people.[12] Istanbul police identified the bomber as Ecevit Şanlı, a member of DHKP/C.[13]
On 19 March 2013, DHKP/C militants conducted a double attack against the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) headquarters and the Justice Ministry. Responsibility for the attacks was claimed by the DHKP/C.[14]
In September 2013, two DHKP/C members attacked the headquarters of the General Directorate of Security with rockets. One of them, who was killed in the attack, had been involved in the 19 March attack on the AKP headquarters.[15]
On 29 September 2013 DHKP/C sympathizers and members clash with drug gang in Maltepe where DHKP/C finds support from the local population. A young local resident, left-wing activist Hasan Ferit Gedik, was killed in clashes. Following the clashes, a group of armed DHKP/C members started to patrol the streets in Maltepe.[16]
On 6 January 2015, a female suicide bomber blew herself up at a police station in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, killing one police officer and injuring another. DHKP-C claimed responsibility for the attack, saying it was meant "to punish (the) murderers of Berkin Elvan" and "to call to account the fascist state that protects AKP's corrupt, stealing ministers". Berkin Elvan was a 15-year-old boy who was killed by a tear-gas canister fired by a police officer during the 2013 Istanbul protests. The group also claimed that the suicide bomber was Elif Sultan Kalsen. After being called to a criminal medical center to identify the body, Kalsen's family denied the claims, stating that it was not their daughter.[17] On 8 January 2015, the perpetrator was identified as Diana Ramazova, a Chechen-Russian citizen from Dagestan. Turkish police are investigated Ramazova's possible links to al-Qaeda or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Further investigation revealed that suspect had photos with insurgents from ISIS.[18][19] The DHKP-C on 8 January removed the statement claiming responsibility from its website without giving any explanation.[20] As of yet, it is not known why they took responsibility for the attack.
On 31 March 2015 suspected members of DHKP-C took prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz hostage on the sixth floor of the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace. They demanded that the police announce the names of four members of the security services who they said were connected to the death of Berkin Elvan. The police negotiated with the gunmen for six hours, but eventually stormed the courthouse "because of gunshots heard from inside the prosecutor's office". The two gunmen died during the operation, while the prosecutor was badly wounded and later died of his injuries.[21]
On 26 July, in Istanbul, one policeman was shot and killed in the Gazi neighborhood.[22]
On 10 August 2015, two women from the DHKP/C staged an attack on the U.S. consulate in Istanbul; one of the attackers, identified as Hatice Asik, was captured along with her rifle.[23]
On 19 March 2020, Greek police arrested more than 20 members of the DHKP/C.[24]
In 2020 Turkish security forces captured more than 301 members of the DHKP/C.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
From 2015 to 2021 Turkish security forces claimed to have killed 16 high-ranking members of the DHKP/C, 401 of the KPP, 9 of the MLCP, and 6 of the TKP / ML.[39]
Fatalities summary
editThis is a summary of secondary sources on the fatalities of the DHKP/C insurgency. At least +205 people have been killed since 1990, including at least 15 since 2012.
- 1990 – assassination of Hiram Abas
- 1991 – assassination of 6 (Andrew Blake, John Gandy, Memduh Ünlütürk, İsmail Selen, Adnan Ersöz and Hulusi Sayın)
- 1992 – assassination Kemal Kayacan
- 1996 – assassination of Özdemir Sabancı and two other Turkish citizens
- 2001 – 6 killed in 2 suicide bombings in Istanbul (including 2 perpetrators)[7][40]
- 2003 – 1 DHKP/C activist killed in bomb accident[8]
- 2004 – 4 killed (including bomber) in a bus bombing incident
- 2005 – 1 DHKP/C activist killed in bomb accident
- 2012 – 2 killed in DHKP/C suicide attack (including the perpetrator)[11]
- 2013 – February bombing of US Embassy resulted in 2 deaths (including the perpetrator); in September 1 DHKP/C militant was killed; a civilian was killed in DHKP/C related violence later that month as well.
- 2015 – 2 killed in January 2015 suicide bombing claimed by DHKP/C; 3 killed in hostage crisis in March 2015 (including 2 attackers).[41]
- 2016 – 1 DHKP/C militant killed in an attack on a police station on 21 February 2016.[42] 2 DHKP/C militants killed in an attack on a police station on 2 March 2016.[43] On 30 March, a DHKP/C militant was killed in an attack on a police station.[44]
- 2017 – 1 DHKP/C militant killed by Turkish security forces on 22 January 2017, the militant had previously attacked police and Justice and Development Party buildings in Istanbul on 21 January.[45] On 6 May 2017, a DHKP/C militant was killed in a shootout with police, two suspected militants were also arrested.[46] 1 DHKP/C militant was killed by Turkish security forces on 13 June 2017.[47]
Participants
editDHKP/C
editRepublic of Turkey
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Today's Zaman Tension high as heinous attack leaves unanswered questions behind Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Turkey concerned about more acts of terrorism". Deutsche Welle. 3 February 2013.
- ^ Casier, Marlies (2010). Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey. Routledge. p. 133.
- ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
- ^ "Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices" (PDF). Feb 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07.
- ^ Political Violence against Americans 1999. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781428965621 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Profile: Turkey's Marxist DHKP-C". BBC. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ a b Bomb at the center of Kizilay 100 meters away from the Prime Ministry Hurriyet Daily News. 21 May 2003. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- ^ Şafak, Yeni (2004-06-26). "Bombacı, DHKP-C üyesi çıktı". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ^ "Former justice minister escapes assassination attempt". Today's Zaman. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "'DHKP/C claims responsibility for the attack on U.S. Embassy". Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ "'Embassy attack in Turkey kills 1". Daily Star. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ "'Police: Bomber at U.S. Embassy in Turkey with leftist group". CNN. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ "'Double bomb attack in Ankara targets 'resolution process': Turkish PM Erdoğan". Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ Today's Zaman, 22 September 2013, Foreign links investigated in terrorist attack on police headquarters Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ FAZLI MERT, ÖZGÜR GÜNEŞ İSTANBUL (1 October 2013). "DHKP-C ve torbacı savaşı". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ ABC News. "International News – World News – ABC News". ABC News.
- ^ "Canlı bombanın El Kaide ve IŞİD bağlantısı araştırılıyor". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Aydın, Çetin (8 January 2015). "Russian citizen revealed to be suicide bomber who attacked Istanbul police". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Confusion over identity of Istanbul suicide bomber". The Peninsula. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^ Bloody end to Turkey prosecutor hostage crisis BBC.
- ^ "Turquie/manifestation : mort d'un policier". Le Figaro.
- ^ "Turkey attacks: Deadly violence in Istanbul and Sirnak". BBC News. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ "Over 20 DHKP-C terror suspects arrested in Greece". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Far-left terror suspect arrested in NW Turkey". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "2 far-left DHKP-C terror suspects arrested in Istanbul". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21.
- ^ "Turkey arrests 97 far-left DHKP-C terror suspects". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "'7 leftist terror suspects arrested in Istanbul'". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey arrests over 90 far-left terror suspects". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Far-left terror suspect arrested in NW Turkey". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey: 6 far-left terror suspects arrested in Istanbul". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey decodes far-left terror group's digital archive". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Far-left terror suspect arrested in NW Turkey". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey arrests 16 far-left DHKP-C terror suspects". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "DHKP-C terror suspect trying to flee Turkey arrested". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey: 30 arrested for suspected terror ties to DHKP-C". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey arrests 43 at funeral of DHKP-C terrorist". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Turkey: Wanted DHKP-C terror suspect arrested". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ AA, DAILY SABAH WITH (2021-04-22). "Turkish security forces eliminate 465 senior terrorists in 6 years". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ^ "Bianet :: Şişli Emniyetinde Patlama: 2 Ölü". bianet.org. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ^ Istanbul Prosecutor Hostage CNN. 31 March 2015.
- ^ "Suspected DHKP-C member killed in attack on Istanbul police". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "2 female terrorists who attacked Istanbul police identified as DHKP-C members". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "DHKP-C terrorist killed in attack on provincial offices in Turkey's eastern Tunceli province". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Istabul rocket attack suspect killed in clash – CRIME". Hürriyet Daily News – LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Senior DHKP-C terrorist who attacked prosecutor shot dead during anti-terror op". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Police kill 'DHKP-C terrorist' in Istanbul". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 3 August 2017.