The DI MA-1[c] is a family of Myanma-made assault rifles chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO, produced by the Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries. They are based on the IMI Galil with some localised modifications produced with assistance from Israel.[8]
MA-1 | |
---|---|
Type | |
Place of origin | Myanmar |
Service history | |
In service | 2002–present |
Used by | See Users |
Wars | |
Production history | |
Designer | Yisrael Galili of Israel Military Industries[1][a] |
Designed | 1991 |
Manufacturer | Ka Pa Sa No. 1 Myanmar Fritz Werner Industries[b] |
Produced | 2002–Present |
Variants | See Variants |
Specifications | |
Mass |
|
Length |
|
Cartridge | 5.56×45mm NATO |
Action | Gas-operated, rotating bolt |
Rate of fire |
|
Muzzle velocity | 950 m/s (3,120 ft/s) |
Effective firing range | 400 m (437 yd) |
Feed system |
|
Sights |
|
References | [3][4][5][6] |
The MA rifles are primarily used by the Tatmadaw,[9] although it is also seen with the Myanmar Police Force.[10]
The MA designation on the weapon means Myanmar Army.[11] The series are sometimes erroneously referred to as the EMERK-3.[2]
History
editThe Tatmadaw was armed with the BA63 (Burma Army 63), the Myanma-made version of the Heckler & Koch G3A3 battle rifle[12] made under license agreement with West Germany under the Ka Pa Sa factories in partnership with Fritz Werner Industry Ausrustungen-Gmbh (FRG) and the German Technical Corporation Agency.[13] However, it was considered too heavy for Myanma soldiers to use in jungle warfare.[7]
A team of engineers from IMI reportedly visited Yangon in 1991, helping with preparing the foundation to manufacture the MA-1s.[14][15] Reports cite Israel's support of Myanmar in developing the MA-1 despite repeated denials by Israeli officials based in Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand.[8] According to William Ashton, Israel sought Myanmar out in order to gain international allies due to the constant threat of being surrounded by hostile states in the Middle East.[8]
The MA-series was first spotted in the early 2000s at numerous Tatmadaw Armed Forces Day parades and demonstrations,[16][15] replacing the previous Heckler & Koch G3 rifles that were in service.[7]
By 2009, it was reported that the Tatmadaw was almost fully equipped with the MA series.[7] MA rifles have also been seen usage by the Karen National Liberation Army,[17] Shan State Army (RCSS)[7] and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army,[18] captured from Tatmadaw forces[17] or from defecting soldiers.[19] The Karenni Army has also used MA-1s taken from Myanma soldiers.[20]
From 2014, the Mk II variant is being used by the Tatmadaw as their standard rifle.[21]
Plans were made to fully adopt the DI MA-1 Mk. III, but plans are halted due to quality issues.[22]
On March 2022, the Tatmadaw showcased a new type of the MA-1 Mk. II rifle in the Armed Forces Day parade, which has a telescopic stock and a picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] It was supposed to be shown in public in 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]
On May 2023, MA-1 and MA-3s are used by the PDF in the civil war, captured from Myanma soldiers and police officers.[10]
Design
editSerial production started in 2002 after signing an agreement with IMI.[7] The assault rifles were mostly made at Ka Pa Sa No 1 or DI-1,[11] a factory located near Inya Lake that serves as the main factory.[7][23]
The MA-1 rifles are made with ventilated handguards and horizontal charging handles, unlike the Galil which has a vertical charging handle.[2] Early models (Mk. I) have curved cheekpieces in the buttstocks with later models (Mk. II) omitting this.[24] MA rifles are compatible with Galil magazines,[2] although they can use polymer magazines.[24] Any MA rifle can use a clone of the Type 81 bayonet if a bayonet lug is present.
They were initially introduced with wooden handguards; early models were made with brown polymer furniture and rounded, smooth pistol grips.[25] Later versions were produced with black furniture and clear cut Galil grips, designated as the Mk II.[26] It also uses synthetic alloys and plastics in its construction.[21]
An indicator for a MA rifle that is optimized to fire rifle grenades is the presence of tall iron sights.[24] The rifles can use the MG-2 rifle grenade.[5]
In an interview back in 2009 with Sai Sheng Murng, the deputy spokesman of the Shan State Army (RCSS), he mentioned that foreign-made 5.56 NATO ammo cannot be used in the MA rifles while Myanma-made ammo can work with foreign assault rifles chambered in the same caliber.[7]
The selectors consist of safe, semi-auto and full-auto mode.[25]
Variants
editMA-1
editStandard assault rifle with a bayonet lug for the option to have a bayonet mounted.[2] It's reported by convicted porters under the Tatmadaw that Myanma soldiers would write the battalion number on its stock.[27]
The bipod was not made standard with the MA-1s with the cleaning kit stored in a hollow space in the buttstock. The MA-1s are not equipped with a pistol grip-type safety system.[28]
MA-2
editLight machine gun version with a heavy barrel and a bipod mounted.[29] It was originally developed without the idea of using a drum magazine, relying on standard capacity magazines,[30] but it can be used with drum magazines.[5]
The handguard has two rows of ventilation holes that are parallel to the barrel.[28] It has a carry handle, long/heavy barrel and bipod.[25]
The bipods used are thin-based for Mk. I versions, but the Mk. II versions are seen with bipods that are cloned from those used for the M60 GPMG.[5]
MA-3
editCarbine version with a folding metal buttstock.[31] The stock is rarely used due to great difficulty in moving it[28] and to fully depress the lock in order to unfold it.[25] Early models were badly made due to the materials used in its manufacture before they were fully resolved through the Mk II variant.
MA-4
editA version of the MA-1 equipped with an underbarrel grenade launcher (UBGL),[31] known as the BA203 (Burma Army 203).[32] It is an unlicensed clone of the MKEK T-40.[33][d]
The UBGL is permanently fixed, which cannot be removed.
Mk. II
editPre-2019
editThe Mk. II variant saw the use of polymer to replace the black stock of the Mk. I.[5] It was also often equipped with polymer stocks, pistol grips, and fore-ends as standard issue.[25]
Post-2019
editThe newer Mk II variants were shown overseas at the 2019 Defense and Security exhibition in Bangkok, Thailand, which was visited by Min Aung Hlaing.[35] This variant was publicly shown in 2022 with the Tatmadaw with a telescopic stock and picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] The new Mk II magazine is based on the South African polymer Vektor R4 magazine.[24] The black moulds used in the newer Mk II variants were allegedly based on moulding materials provided by CAA Industries.[36]
By the Myanmar Civil War of 2021, all Mk. I variants were replaced by the Mk. II.
MA-S
editKnown as Myanmar Army Sniper, a designated marksman rifle variant based on the MA-2.[37] It's chambered in 7.62x51 NATO caliber and fires from a 10-round magazine.[37] There are reports indicating that production may have started as early as 2011 to 2012.[38]
It has a total weight of 5.3 kg, a total length of 1140 mm and a barrel length of 620 mm.[37] The rifle has a muzzle velocity of 852 m/s and an effective range of 1000 meters.[37]
The MA-S consist of a Mk. I and Mk. II version. The Mk. I resembles a Dragunov that can take 10-round magazines[5][37] with a PSO-1 scope.[39] The Mk. II resembles Zastava-based rifles that can take 20-round magazines.[5]
The Mk. II has a picatinny rail under the gas block to install a bipod.[5] It comes in two colors; green or black furniture.[5] A version of the Mk. II in a camo finish was on display at the 2019 Defence and Security arms fair.[5]
There is a MA-S variant made for Tatmadaw soldiers participating in overseas shooting competitions such as the ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet.[40]
Users
edit- Myanmar: Widely used by the Tatmadaw and the Myanmar Police.
Non-State Actors
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Yisrael Galili, Weapons Inventor, 72". The New York Times. 11 March 1995.
- ^ a b c d e Roodhorst (2015), p. 1399.
- ^ https://www.myanmarwitness.org/arms/ma-1
- ^ a b c d https://www.sohu.com/a/532913784_100103668
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://www.myanmarwitness.org/_files/ugd/06ca64_9dbcff31640547f3bd747fe8c86e6c6c.pdf
- ^ https://www.toutiao.com/article/7147865835078550051/
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lawi Weng. "Burmese Army Equipped with New Arms". Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
- ^ a b c William Ashton (2000-03-01). "Myanmar and Israel develop military pact" (PDF). Jane's Intelligence Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/myanmar-crackdown-military-coup/
- ^ a b "Myanmar PDFs getting the guns to turn the war". 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.
- ^ a b "Toys for the Boys". Asia Pacific Solidarity Network. Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. "Burma Government and Army". Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ Roman Decker (November 2007). ""Strong and Fast": German Arms in Burma". Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ "Critical Supplies - Special Advisory Council for Myanmar". 14 January 2023.
- ^ a b https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025211/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/216586/1/136_Burma%E2%80%99s_secret_military_partners_%28Canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence%29_Andrew_Selth_86p_0731527755.pdf
- ^ Ian McCollum, Rob Stott, Larry Vickers (January 1, 2019). Vickers Guide: Kalashnikov (Volume 2).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed] - ^ a b "KAREN NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY SITUATION REPORT" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Burma Conflict Blog". www.dictatorwatch.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Burma Human Rights Handbook" (PDF). 2008. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2022.
- ^ "Inside Myanmar's civil war: A photojournalist's journey to the front …".
- ^ a b Thứ Ba (2014-11-25). "Súng trường MA-1 Mark II của Myanmar vượt trội M16 của Mỹ?, Page 3" (in Vietnamese). Bao Dat Viet. Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
- ^ "無托步槍真香?緬甸山寨97式大批量裝備部隊,亞洲兩國幫了大忙" (in Chinese). 2020-10-22.
- ^ "BURMA'S WMD PROGRAMME AND MILITARY COOPERATION BETWEEN BURMA AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA" (PDF). p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c d https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/08/17/burmese-rifle-grenades-of-the-infantry-ma-series-of-rifles/
- ^ a b c d e "BURMESE SMALL ARMS DEVELOPMENT - Small Arms Review". 26 August 2009.
- ^ Duong Minh (2014-11-23). "Súng trường Myanmar tự làm xuất hiện tại Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Soha. Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1176422/1788_1311008144_burma0711-onlineversion.pdf
- ^ a b c Johnson & Nelson (2015), p. 215.
- ^ Roodhorst (2015), p. 1400.
- ^ "这款轻机枪在缅甸战争中使用最为广泛 供弹却常用步枪弹匣而不是弹鼓" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ a b Roodhorst (2015), p. 1401.
- ^ "MA-4".
- ^ https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/07/24/the-kachin-kalashnikov-in-myanmar/
- ^ https://www.sohu.com/a/217264246_100103668
- ^ "或将在缅甸第77个武装部队日亮相的缅军新式Ma突击步枪".
- ^ https://www.justiceformyanmar.org/stories/israels-caa-industries-ltd-suspected-to-have-aided-and-abetted-the-myanmar-militarys-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity
- ^ a b c d e "不可忽视的战场幽灵 缅甸自制MA-S狙击步枪" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
- ^ https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/13/ma-sniper-development-continues-production-and-issue/
- ^ https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/08/30/the-ma-sniper-early-burmese-army-designated-marksman-rifle-development/
- ^ https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/10/burmese-ma-sniper-modified-for-aarm-marksmanship-competition/
Bibliography
edit- Johnson, Gary Paul; Nelson, Thomas B. (2016-12-15). The World's Assault Rifles. Ironside International Publishers. ISBN 9781619846012.
- Roodhorst, Cor (2015). The Kalashnikov Encyclopedia: Recognition and Weapon Forensic Guide for Kalashnikov Arms and Derivatives II: Italy–Russia. Netherlands: Roodhorst Publications. ISBN 978-90-9027549-9.