The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil pronunciation: [t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm]; transl. Dravidian Progressive Federation;[9] abbr. DMK) is an Indian political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of Puducherry, where it is currently the main opposition.[10]
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | DMK |
| President | M. K. Stalin |
| General Secretary | Durai Murugan |
| Parliamentary Chairperson | Kanimozhi Karunanidhi |
| Lok Sabha Leader | T. R. Baalu |
| Rajya Sabha Leader | Tiruchi Siva |
| Treasurer | T. R. Baalu |
| Founder | C. N. Annadurai |
| Founded | 17 September 1949 |
| Split from | Dravidar Kazhagam |
| Preceded by | Justice Party (1917–1944) Dravidar Kazhagam (1944–1949) |
| Headquarters | Anna Arivalayam, 367–369, Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai - 600018, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Student wing | Maanavar Ani |
| Youth wing | Ilaignar Ani |
| Women's wing | Magalir Ani |
| Labour wing | Labour Progressive Federation (LPF) |
| Ideology | |
| Colours | Black Red |
| ECI Status | State Party[8] |
| Alliance |
|
| Seats in Lok Sabha | 22 / 543 |
| Seats in Rajya Sabha | 10 / 245 |
| Seats in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 133 / 234 |
| Seats in Puducherry Legislative Assembly | 6 / 30 |
| Number of states and union territories in government | 1 / 31 |
| Election symbol | |
 (The Rising Sun) | |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| www | |
The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by C. N. Annadurai (Anna) as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam headed by E. V. Ramasami (Periyar).[11][12][13] DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.[14] He also served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967, DMK became the first party, other than the Indian National Congress, to win the state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. M. Karunanidhi (Kalaignar) followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.[15] He also served as the Chief Minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.[16] After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, M. K. Stalin, succeeded as the party president and as a Chief minister of TamilNadu state from May-2021.[17]
DMK is the forth-largest party in the Lok Sabha. It currently holds 125 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, and the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance holds 159 out of 234.[18]
History
editOrigins and foundation
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The DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) founded by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916, in the presence of P. Theagaraya Chetty, P. T. Rajan, T. M. Nair, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar and a few others in Victoria Public Hall Madras Presidency.[19] The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.[20] Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmin upper began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmin upper castes in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian movement.[21][22][23]
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, a popular reformist leader at that time, had joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered the Brahminic leadership of the party.[24] Periyar's participation at the Vaikom Satyagraha led him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "anti-Brahministic".[25] He quit Congress and in 1935 he joined the Justice Party.
In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.[26][better source needed]
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagam' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[27] The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.[27]
The party at its inception retained the flag of the South Indian Liberal Federation, which had a picture of a traditional type of balance signifying the idea of equality.[28] Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians. To communicate this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, with the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the intention of the movement to uplift Dravidians.[29]
Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagam, after Annadurai and part of the members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it.[30][31]
The Dravidian philosophy culminated both politically and socially with DMK at the helm of administration. It was the first-ever subaltern movement in the history of sub-continent politics to have political representation from former lower-castes, and it was a marked move from generations of civic administrators from the upper-caste citizenry. This had a deep societal impact which resulted in increased political participation, which aided the representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened the pluralist democracy.[32]
C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)
edit
Founder of the party
The DMK's first foray into electoral politics, in the 1957 legislative assembly elections, was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan were defeated. It fared somewhat better in 1962, winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition.[33]
Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations
editThe DMK, which split from the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1949, inherited the anti-Hindi imposition policies of its parent organization. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.
In July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation against the Union government's proposed name-change of Kallakudi to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name (after Ramkrishna Dalmia) symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.[34][35] On 15 July, M. Karunanidhi (later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and Kannadasan, were arrested.[36]
The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu, in which it was originally more radical than the Dravida Kazhagam.[37] On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.[38][39] On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".[40][41]
On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in Kodambakkam, Madras.[42] In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. However, the anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.[43] The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."[44]
Formation of state government
editIn 1967, DMK came to power in the Madras State 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party (namely, the DMK) won a majority.[45] The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the Opposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing Swatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.[46] At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.[47]
Other achievements
editAnnadurai legalized self-respect marriages for the first time the country. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a Brahmin was not needed to carry out the wedding.[48] Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often led to great debt through dowry. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.[49]
Annadurai was also the first to promise to subsidize the price of rice in order to campaign for his election. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.[50]
It was Annadurai's government that renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu, its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.[51] With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state. Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a two-language policy[which?] over the then popular three language formula. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.[52]
M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)
edit
Former President of the party
In 1969, Annadurai unexpectedly died. M.Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Karunanidhi would continue to head the DMK until his own death in 2018.[15]
In the 1970s, M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. where he was a treasurer, and he was eventually suspended from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK. He then created the new party named All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[53]
Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government in 1976 based on charges of possible secession and corruption. The DMK government has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam drainage project.[54]
The interim report of the Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[55] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.[56]
Karunanidhi's nephew, Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister; however, it has been pointed out that he was in politics long before Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister in 1969.[57] Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. He was appointed as Mayor and later as Deputy CM of TN. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own.[58] Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.[59][60] Karunanidhi's nephew's son Dayanidhi Maran has been appointed as the central Minister.[61] Karunanidhi's grandson, son of Stalin Udhayanidhi Stalin, has been elected as the MLA of TN assembly.[62] Karunanidhi has been accused of helping Murasoli Maran's son Kalanithi Maran, who runs Sun TV Network, India's second largest television network. According to Forbes, Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.[63] It has been pointed out that Karunanidhi has hesitated to take action against his erring family members.[64] Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.[65] The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sessions court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.[66]
Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency
edit- In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to M.G.R.'s AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.[67] After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in the 1989 State assembly elections and for the 3rd time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
- The 1991 election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi leading an alliance with Samajwadi Janata Party. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a suicide bomber during the election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, attitudes were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to be deprived of any seats in the Parliament.
- In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against J.Jayalalithaa and the alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar.
- However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
- In the 2004 general election, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand victory. The alliance won all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled DMK to hold 7 ministerial posts in the central government and gave influential power to DMK.
- Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK, for the first time, formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 general elections.
- In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
- In the 2014 general election, DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage, it was second only to AIADMK.
- The 2016 state assembly elections gave DMK 89 MLAs. This was the most number for an opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)
edit
President of the party
Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.[68] On 3 February 2020, M. K. Stalin announced that Prashant Kishor was signed up as a party strategist for the upcoming 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.[69]
On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in Erode and M. K. Stalin released five slogans at the conference. They were:[70][71][72]
- Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
- Let us grow and admire Tamil
- Let us crush the power pile
- Let us protect humanity from extremism
- Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
M.K. Stalin formed the Secular Progressive Alliance in Tamil Nadu and led the alliance in the 2019 general election.[73][74] M.K. Stalin and his alliance in Tamil Nadu won 39 out of 40 seats in the parliament and 12 out of 21 in the Assembly with a 52% vote share.[75][76] The DMK-led alliance won the 2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections under the Secular Progressive alliance.[77][78]
The DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance won the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. The alliance won 159 seats out of 234 seats with 46% vote share.[citation needed]
Party ideology
editDravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by C. N. Annadurai. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.[79]
Dravidian nationalism
editThe anti-Hindi Imposition agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to use Hindi as the only official language of the country.
State autonomy
editAfter The Emergency invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in Trichy after the death of C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the Centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.[1]
Social justice
editDMK claims they are the successors of Justice Party.[80] DMK played a crucial role alongside Periyar in the protest for the first constitutional amendment ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.[81][82] DMK's one of the core ideology is OBC welfare [83] and has implemented reservation related policies in favour of OBCs [84] and SCs.[85]
DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and the changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like Thirunangai and Thirunambi.[86]
Party symbol
editThe party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag often pictured. The symbol was inspired by the leader and scriptwriter M. Karunanidhi's 1950s play Udaya Suryan and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.[87]
In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.[88]
Electoral history
editLok Sabha Elections
edit| Year | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | C. N. Annadurai | 7 / 41 |
 5
|
18.64% | 2,315,610 | Opposition |
| 1967 | 25 / 39 |
18
|
51.79% | 7,996,264 | ||
| 1971 | M. Karunanidhi | 23 / 39 |
 2
|
55.61% | 8,869,095 | Government |
| 1977 | 1 / 39 |
22
|
37.84% | 6,758,517 | Opposition | |
| 1980 | 16 / 39 |
15
|
55.89% | 10,290,515 | Government | |
| 1984 | 2 / 39 |
14
|
37.04% | 8,006,513 | Opposition | |
| 1989 | 0 / 39 |
2
|
33.78% | 8,918,905 | Lost | |
| 1991 | 0 / 39 |
|
27.64% | 6,823,581 | ||
| 1996 | 17 / 39 |
17
|
54.96% | 14,940,474 | Government | |
| 1998 | 6 / 39 |
11
|
42.72% | 10,937,809 | Opposition | |
| 1999 | 12 / 39 |
6
|
46.41% | 12,638,602 | Government | |
| 2004 | 16 / 39 |
4
|
57.40% | 16,483,390 | ||
| 2009 | 18 / 39 |
2
|
42.54% | 12,929,043 | ||
| 2014 | 0 / 39 |
18
|
23.16% | 10,243,767 | Lost | |
| 2019 | M. K. Stalin | 24 / 24 |
24
|
32.76% | 14,363,332 | Opposition |
| 2024 | 22 / 22 |
2
|
26.93% | 11,689,879 | Opposition |
Legislative Assembly elections
edit| Year | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Popular vote | Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tamil Nadu | ||||||||||
| 1962 | C. N. Annadurai | 50 / 205 |
37
|
27.10% | 3,435,633 | Opposition | ||||
| 1967 | 137 / 234 |
87
|
40.69% | 6,230,556 | Government | |||||
| 1971 | M. Karunanidhi | 184 / 234 |
47
|
48.58% | 7,654,935 | |||||
| 1977 | 48 / 234 |
136
|
24.89% | 4,258,771 | Opposition | |||||
| 1980 | 37 / 234 |
11
|
22.1% | 4,164,389 | ||||||
| 1984 | 24 / 234 |
13
|
29.3% | 6,362,770 | Others | |||||
| 1989 | 150 / 234 |
116
|
37.89% | 9,135,220 | Government | |||||
| 1991 | 2 / 234 |
148
|
22.5% | 5,535,668 | Others | |||||
| 1996 | 173 / 234 |
171
|
53.77% | 14,600,748 | Government | |||||
| 2001 | 31 / 234 |
142
|
30.90% | 8,669,864 | Opposition | |||||
| 2006 | 96 / 234 |
65
|
26.50% | 8,728,716 | Minority Government | |||||
| 2011 | 23 / 234 |
73
|
22.40% | 8,249,991 | Others | |||||
| 2016 | 89 / 234 |
66
|
31.39% | 13,670,511 | Opposition | |||||
| 2021 | M. K. Stalin | 133 / 234 |
44
|
37.7% | 17,430,179 | Government | ||||
| Puducherry | ||||||||||
| 1974 | M. Karunanidhi | 2 / 30 |
2
|
47,823 | Opposition | |||||
| 1977 | 3 / 30 |
1
|
30,441 | |||||||
| 1980 | 14 / 30 |
11
|
68,030 | Government | ||||||
| 1985 | 5 / 30 |
9
|
87,754 | Others | ||||||
| 1990 | 9 / 30 |
4
|
101,127 | Government | ||||||
| 1991 | 4 / 30 |
5
|
96,607 | Opposition | ||||||
| 1996 | 7 / 30 |
3
|
105,392 | Government | ||||||
| 2001 | 7 / 30 |
|
83,679 | Opposition | ||||||
| 2006 | 7 / 30 |
|
Government | |||||||
| 2011 | 3 / 30 |
4
|
10.68% | 74,552 | Opposition | |||||
| 2016 | 2 / 30 |
1
|
8.9% | 70,836 | Government | |||||
| 2021 | M. K. Stalin | 6 / 30 |
4
|
18.51% | 154,858 | Opposition | ||||
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | 5th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | 0 / 287 |
|
0.26% |
|
36,466 | Lost |
| 1978 | 6th | 2 | 0 / 294 |
|
0.03% | 0.23%
|
6,547 |
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 6th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | 0 / 224 |
|
0.13% |
|
16,437 | Lost |
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 4th | M. Karunanidhi | 1 | 0 / 133 |
|
0.02% |
|
1,682 | Lost |
Current office bearers and prominent members
edit| Member | Position in Government | Party Position |
|---|---|---|
| M. K. Stalin | President | |
| Duraimurugan |
|
General Secretary |
| T. R. Baalu |
|
Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader |
| K. N. Nehru | Minister for Municipal Administration
MLA from Tiruchirappalli West |
Party Principal Secretary |
| I. Periyasamy | Minister for Rural Administration
MLA from Aathoor |
Deputy General Secretary |
| K. Ponmudy | Minister for Higher Education
MLA from Tirukkovilur |
Deputy General Secretary |
| A. Raja | Member of Parliament (LS) from Nilgiris
Former Union Minister for Information Technology |
Deputy General Secretary |
| Anthiyur P. Selvaraj | Member of Rajya Sabha,
Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile |
Deputy General Secretary |
| Kanimozhi Karunanidhi |
| |
| R. S. Bharathi[89] | Former Member of Parliament (RS)
Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality |
Organization Secretary |
| T. K. S. Elangovan[90] | Former Member of Parliament (RS) | Official Spokesperson |
| Udhayanidhi Stalin |
|
Youth Wing Secretary |
| Dr. T R B Rajaa |
|
Information Technology Wing Secretary |
| Helena Davidson | Former Member of Parliament (LS) from Kanniyakumari | Women's Wing Secretary |
| CVMP Ezhilarasan | Member of Legislative Assembly from Kancheepuram | Students' Wing Secretary |
| Dayanidhi Maran |
|
Sports Wing Secretary |
| Palanivel Thiagarajan |
|
Assets Committee Secretary |
| Dr Ezhilan Naganathan | Member of Legislative Assembly from Thousand Lights | Medical Wing Secretary |
| M M Abdulla | Member of Parliament (RS) | NRI Wing Secretary |
List of party leaders
editPresidents
edit| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 |
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
27 July 1969 | 7 August 2018 | 49 years, 11 days |
| Acting |
|
M. K. Stalin (born 1953) |
4 January 2017 | 27 August 2018 | 7 years, 331 days |
| 2 | 28 August 2018 | Incumbent | |||
General Secretaries
edit| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 |
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
17 September 1949 | 24 April 1955 | 13 years, 350 days |
| 25 September 1960 | 3 February 1969 | ||||
| 2 | 
|
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000) |
24 April 1955 | 24 September 1960 | 13 years, 254 days |
| 4 February 1969 | 16 May 1977 | ||||
| 3 | 
|
K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020) |
17 May 1977 | 7 March 2020 | 42 years, 295 days |
| 4 |
|
Duraimurugan (born 1938) |
9 September 2020 | Incumbent | 4 years, 82 days |
List of Chief Ministers
editChief Ministers of Madras State
edit| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Ministry | Constituency | Assembly Election | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Duration in days | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
6 March 1967 | 13 January 1969 | 1 year, 313 days | Annadurai | Tamil Nadu Legislative Council | 4th (1967) |
Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
edit| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Ministry | Constituency | Assembly Election | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Duration in days | ||||||
| 1 |
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
14 January 1969 | 3 February 1969 | 20 days | Annadurai | Tamil Nadu Legislative Council | 4th (1967) |
| Acting |
|
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1910–1988) |
3 February 1969 | 10 February 1969 | 7 days | Nedunchezhiyan I | Triplicane | 4th (1967) |
| 2 |
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
10 February 1969 | 14 March 1971 | 2 years, 32 days | Karunanidhi I | Saidapet | 4th (1967) |
| 15 March 1971 | 31 January 1976 | 4 years, 322 days | Karunanidhi II | 5th (1971) | ||||
| 27 January 1989 | 30 January 1991 | 2 years, 3 days | Karunanidhi III | Harbour | 11th (1989) | |||
| 13 May 1996 | 13 May 2001 | 5 years, 0 days | Karunanidhi IV | Chepauk | 11th (1996) | |||
| 13 May 2006 | 15 May 2011 | 5 years, 2 days | Karunanidhi V | 13th (2006) | ||||
| 3 |
|
M. K. Stalin[91][92] (born 1953) |
7 May 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 207 days | Stalin | Kolathur | 16th (2021) |
Chief Ministers of Pondicherry
edit| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Elected constituency | Term of office | Assembly (Election) |
Ministry | Appointed by | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
M. O. H. Farook (1937–2012) |
Kalapet | 17 March 1969 | 2 January 1974 | 4 years, 291 days | 3rd (1969 election) |
Farook II | B. D. Jatti |
| 2 |
|
M. D. R. Ramachandran (Unknown) |
Mannadipet | 16 January 1980 | 23 June 1983[NC] | 3 years, 158 days | 6th (1980 election) |
Ramachandran I | B. T. Kulkarni |
| 3 | 8 March 1990[§] | 2 March 1991[NC] | 359 days | 8th (1990 election) |
Ramachandran II | Chandrawati | |||
| 4 | .jpg)
|
R. V. Janakiraman (1941–2019) |
Nellithope | 26 May 1996 | 21 March 2000[NC] | 3 years, 300 days | 10th (1996 election) |
Janakiraman | Rajendra Kumari Bajpai |
List of deputy chief ministers
editTamil Nadu
edit| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Assembly (Election) |
Elected constituency | Chief Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
M. K. Stalin (born 1953) |
29 May 2009 | 15 May 2011 | 1 year, 351 days | 13th (2006) |
Thousand Lights | M. Karunanidhi | |
| 2 | 
|
Udhayanidhi Stalin (born 1977) |
28 September 2024 | Incumbent | 63 days | 16th (2021) |
Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni | M. K. Stalin | |
List of Leaders of the Opposition
editTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
edit| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Elected constituency | Term of office | Assembly (Election) |
Appointed by | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000) |
Triplicane | 29 March 1962 | 28 February 1967 | 4 years, 336 days | 3rd (1962) |
S. Chellapandian |
| 2 |
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
Anna Nagar | 25 July 1977 | 17 February 1980 | 5 years, 259 days | 6th (1977) |
Munu Adhi |
| 27 June 1980 | 18 August 1983[RES] | 7th (1980) |
K. Rajaram | |||||
| 3 |
|
K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020) |
Harbour | 24 May 2001 | 14 April 2006 | 4 years, 325 days | 12th (2001) |
K. Kalimuthu |
| 4 |
|
M. K. Stalin (born 1953) |
Kolathur | 4 June 2016 | 3 May 2021 | 4 years, 333 days | 15th (2016) |
P. Dhanapal |
Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly
edit| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Elected constituency | Term of office | Assembly (Election) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 |
|
R.V. Janakiraman | Nellithope | 22 March 2000 | 15 May 2001 | 1 year, 54 days | 10th (1996 election) |
| 16 May 2001 | 11 May 2006 | 4 years, 360 days | 11th (2001 election) | ||||
| 2 |
|
A. M. H. Nazeem | Karaikal | 29 May 2006 | May 2011 | 5 years, 0 days | 12th (2006 election) |
| 3 |
|
R. Siva | Villianur | 8 May 2021[93] | Incumbent | 3 years, 206 days | 15th (2021 election) |
Madras State Legislative Assembly
edit| Leader of the Opposition | Term Start | Term End | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan | 29 March 1962 | 28 February 1967 | 4 years, 337 days |
List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
edit| No. | Name | Deputy Speaker | Took office | Left office | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pulavar K. Govindan | G. R. Edmund | 22 February 1969 | 14 March 1971 | 2 years, 20 days |
| N. Ganapathy | 3 August 1973 | 3 July 1977 | 3 years, 334 days | ||
| 2 | K. A. Mathiazagan | P. Seenivasan | 24 March 1971 | 2 December 1972 | 1 year, 253 days |
| Acting | P. Seenivasan (Acting Speaker) | 2 December 1972 | 3 August 1973 | 1 year, 172 days | |
| 3 | M. Tamilkudimagan | V. P. Duraisamy | 8 February 1989 | 30 June 1991 | 2 years, 172 days |
| 4 | P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan | Parithi Ilamvazhuthi | 23 May 1996 | 21 May 2001 | 4 years, 363 days |
| 5 | R. Avudaiappan | V. P. Duraisamy | 19 May 2006 | 15 May 2011 | 4 years, 361 days |
| 6 | M. Appavu | K. Pitchandi | 12 May 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 202 days |
List of union cabinet ministers
editV. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)
edit| # | Portrait | Minister (Birth-Death) Constituency |
Term of office | Portfolio | Ministry | Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | Period | |||||||
| 1 | 
|
Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) MP for Chennai South |
2 December 1989 | 10 November 1990 | 343 days | Minister of Urban Development | Vishwanath | V. P. Singh | |
H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996–97)
edit| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 | 
|
Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
01 June 1996 | 21 April 1997 | 324 days | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) |
H. D. Deve Gowda | |
| 2 |
|
Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013) |
01 June 1996 | 21 April 1997 | 324 days | Tindivanam (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 3 |
|
Minister of Defence (MoS) |
N. V. N. Somu (–) |
06 July 1996 | 21 April 1997 | 289 days | Chennai North (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 4 | 
|
Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoS) |
T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
06 July 1996 | 21 April 1997 | 289 days | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
I.K Gujral Ministry (1997–98)
edit| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
21 April 1997 | 19 March 1998 | 332 days | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) |
I. K. Gujral | |
| 2 |
|
Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013) |
21 April 1997 | 19 March 1998 | 332 days | Tindivanam (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment | 14 November 1997 | 12 December 1997 | 28 days | ||||||
| 3 |
|
Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoS) |
T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
21 April 1997 | 19 March 1998 | 332 days | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MoS) |
11 January 1998 | 19 March 1998 | 67 days | ||||||
| 4 |
|
Minister of Defence (MoS) |
N. V. N. Somu (–) |
21 April 1997 | 14 November 1997 (died in office) |
207 days | Chennai North (Lok Sabha) | ||
Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999–2004)
edit| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Commerce & Industry | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
13 October 1999 | 09 November 2002 | 3 years, 27 days | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) |
Atal Bihari Vajpayee | |
| Minister without portfolio | 09 November 2002 | 23 November 2003 | 1 year, 14 days | ||||||
| 2 |
|
Minister of Environment & Forests | T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
13 October 1999 | 21 December 2003 | 4 years, 69 days | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 3 |
|
Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources [MoS(I/C)] |
M. Kannappan (–) |
13 October 1999 | 30 December 2003 | 4 years, 78 days | Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 4 | 
|
Minister of Rural Development (MoS) |
A. Raja (born 1963) |
13 October 1999 | 30 September 2001 | 1 year, 352 days | Perambalur (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Health & Family Welfare (MoS) |
30 September 2000 | 21 December 2003 | 3 years, 82 days | ||||||
First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004–2009)
edit| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Environment and Forests | A. Raja (born 1963) |
23 May 2004 | 15 May 2007 | 2 years, 357 days | Perambalur (Lok Sabha) |
Manmohan Singh | |
| Minister of Communications and Information Technology | 15 May 2007 | 22 May 2009 | 2 years, 7 days | ||||||
| 2 | 
|
Minister of Communications and Information Technology | Dayanidhi Maran (born 1966) |
23 May 2004 | 15 May 2007 | 2 years, 357 days | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 3 |
|
Minister of Road Transport and Highways | T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
23 May 2004 | 22 May 2009 | 4 years, 364 days | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Shipping | 25 May 2004 | 02 September 2004[a] | 100 days | ||||||
| 4 |
|
Minister of Law and Justice (MoS) |
K. Venkatapathy (born 1946) |
23 May 2004 | 22 May 2009 | 4 years, 364 days | Cuddalore (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 5 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Home Affairs (MoS) |
S. Regupathy (born 1950) |
23 May 2004 | 15 May 2007 | 2 years, 357 days | Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Environment and Forests (MoS) |
15 May 2007 | 22 May 2009 | 2 years, 7 days | ||||||
| 6 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Commerce and Industry (MoS) |
S. S. Palanimanickam (born 1950) |
23 May 2004 | 25 May 2004 | 2 days | Thanjavur (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Finance (Revenue, from 29 January 2006) (MoS) |
25 May 2004 | 22 May 2009 | 4 years, 362 days | ||||||
| 7 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoS) |
Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan (born 1947) |
23 May 2004 | 22 May 2009 | 4 years, 364 days | Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 8 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Home Affairs (MoS) |
V. Radhika Selvi (born 1976) |
18 May 2007 | 22 May 2009 | 2 years, 4 days | Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha) | ||
Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009–2014)
edit| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Communications and Information Technology | A. Raja (born 1963) |
28 May 2009 | 15 November 2010[94][95][96] | 1 year, 171 days | Nilgiris (Lok Sabha) |
Manmohan Singh | |
| 2 |
|
Minister of Textiles | Dayanidhi Maran (born 1966) |
28 May 2009 | 12 July 2011[97][98] | 2 years, 45 days | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 3 | 
|
Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers | M. K. Alagiri (born 1951) |
28 May 2009 | 21 March 2013[99] | 3 years, 297 days | Madurai (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 4 | 
|
Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoS) |
D. Napoleon (born 1963) |
28 May 2009 | 21 March 2013 | 3 years, 297 days | Perambalur (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 5 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Health and Family Welfare (MoS) |
S. Gandhiselvan (born 1963) |
28 May 2009 | 21 March 2013 | 3 years, 297 days | Namakkal (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 6 |
|
Minister of Finance (Revenue) (MoS) |
S. S. Palanimanickam (born 1950) |
28 May 2009 | 21 March 2013 | 3 years, 297 days | Thanjavur (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 7 | .jpg)
|
Minister of Information & Broadcasting (MoS) |
S. Jagathrakshakan (born 1950) |
28 May 2009 | 28 October 2012 | 3 years, 153 days | Arakkonam (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of New & Renewable Energy (MoS) |
28 October 2012 | 02 November 2012 | 5 days | ||||||
| Minister of Commerce & Industry (MoS) |
02 November 2012 | 21 March 2013[100] | 139 days | ||||||
Splits and offshoots
editThere are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, such as
- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.).
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Vaiko.
Political lineage and offsprings of DMK
edit| Justice Party 1917 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-respect movement 1925 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dravidar Kazhagam 1944 | Justice Party (PTR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1949 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tamil National Party 1962 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger with Indian National Congress 1964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 17 October 1972 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam 1974 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger with AIADMK 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M.G.R.'s death on 24 December 1987 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AIADMK Jayalalithaa faction | AIADMK Janaki faction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani 1988 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger with Janata Dal 1989 | AIADMK unifies again Janaki's faction dissolved and merged with Jayalalithaa's faction 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1994 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MGR Kazhagam 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MGR Anna DMK 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Merger with Bharatiya Janata Party 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Major Dravidian parties that are currently active | Dravidar Kazhagam | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Media
edit
Deputy General Secretary of the party
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers, one in English and one in Tamil, namely The Rising Sun (weekly journal) and Murasoli (daily journal), respectively.[101]
Kalaignar TV is a channel started on 15 September 2007 and managed by Kanimozhi Karunanidhi and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The sister channels of Kalaignar are Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.[102]
See also
edit- 2G spectrum case
- Granite scam in Tamil Nadu
- Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers
- Dinakaran attack
- Leelavathi murder
- Kallakudi demonstration
- Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
- Politics of India
- List of political parties in India
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
References
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- ^ "Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism". WION. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b
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- ^ "DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin". Indian Express.
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- ^ Rubinoff 1997, p. 2829.
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- ^ a b Dirks 2001, p. 263.
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- ^ Venkatesh, MR (7 June 2004). "Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph, Calcutta. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ^ Hodges 2005.
- ^ "Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu". Rediff.com. 19 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ^ Rajagopalan 2001, pp. 152–154.
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- ^ "What the Sarkaria Commission said". The Hindu. 10 June 2001. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
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- ^ "Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry". The Economic Times. 15 November 2010. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
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Notes
edit- ^ The ministry's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways in September 2004.
Publications
edit- Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998. New Delhi: Mittal Publication. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5.
- Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40868-4.
- Copley, Antony R. H. (1978). The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics. Macmillan.
- Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08895-2.
- Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey. 5 (8): 399–407. doi:10.2307/2642412. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642412.
- Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 March 1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305. doi:10.2307/2643038. hdl:2152/34387. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643038.
- Hodges, Sara (2005). "Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 39 (2): 251–277. doi:10.1177/006996670503900203. S2CID 144419547.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-398-4.
- Krishnan, Rajan Kurai; Sriramachandran, Ravindran; Subagunarajan, V. M. S. (2022). Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-19717-5.
- Mills, James H.; Sen, Satadru (2004). Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-033-4.
- Murali, Geetha Kamalakshi (2007). Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu. CA: University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 9780549737612.
- Omvedt, Gail (2006). Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-2895-6.
- Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-8-175-33039-9.
- Radhan, O.P. (2002). "A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India". Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.
- Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and nation in south Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-967-9.
- Ram, N. (1977). Barnett, Marguerite Ross (ed.). "Pre-History and History of the DMK". Social Scientist. 6 (5): 59–91. doi:10.2307/3520089. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520089.
- Ramaswamy, Sumathi (20 November 1997). "5.29 The Warrior Devotee". Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
- Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
- Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1997). "General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (43): 2829–2835. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4406016.
- Subramanian, Narendra (1 November 2002). "Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 40 (3): 125–139. doi:10.1080/713999599. S2CID 153856033.
- Swaminathan, S. (1974). Karunanidhi: man of destiny. Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 9780333902127.
- Venu, E.Es. (1979). Why South opposes Hindi. Justice Publications.
- "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1962.
- "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1967.
- "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
- "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1976.
- "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. 1980.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1984.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2001.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1989.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1991.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.*"General Election Results 2024". Election Results. 2024.