Dalip bey Frashëri, also known with the pen-name Hyxhretiu (the exiled),[2] was an Albanian Bektashi sheikh and bejtexhi of the 19th century.[3] His poem Kopshti i te mirevet (Garden of the martyrs) is the first and the longest epic known in the Albanian literature.[4][5]
Dalip Frashëri | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dalip Kaso[1] |
| Died | |
| Other names | Hyxhretiu (pen-name) |
| Family | Kasollari family |
Life
editDalip was born in Frashër, Janina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire.[3] A dervish originating in a family with strong Bektashi roots, and played an important part in the local tekke there.[4][6] He was the son of Kaso Frashëri, and brother of poet Shahin Frashëri and despite what is believed, it appears that they were not relatives with brothers Naim, Sami, and Abdyl Frashëri.[7] Not much is known on his life, except that he work for years on his poem Garden of the martyrs.[4] He finished it in 1842,[5] while being interned in the tekke of Konitsa by the Ottoman authorities.[3][5]
Frashëri used the Arabic alphabet in his work. Although he was the author of other poems,[3] the one that remains from him is the Garden of the martyrs (Kopshti i te mirevet). It tells the story of the Battle of Karbala, which had previously influenced Shia and Sufi literature.[5] It was finished on 21 Rabi II 1258 in Islamic Calendar, which corresponds to 6 June 1842.[4] This information comes from some of the verses:
Hadikanë bërë teqmil,... (The fulfilled garden,...)
ndë këtë mubareq sene, (on this happy year,)
që është pesëdhjet' e tetë, (that is fifty-eight,)
ndë rebi-yl ahirënde, (in this stately spring,)
njëzet e një dit vërtet, (twenty-one days really,)
sonte ditën e xhuma. (tonight that is Friday.)
A poem of around 56,000[a] verses based on the region's specific sub-dialect of Tosk,[3] it is the earliest and longest epic piece written in Albanian. It is believed to have been intended for ritual ceremonies in tekkes and home rituals during the mätam.[4]
While is based on the work of Azerbaijani poet Fuzûlî, also named Hadîkat üs-Süedâ (حديقت السعداء; "Garden of martyrs"),[6] it is the first attempts by Bektashi Albanians to rival Fuzûlî and show the significant impact of Bektashism in Albanian life of those times. While Fuzûlî used both poetry and prose for his poem, Frashëri relied only on verses. The poem includes information on Albanian customs, festivals, and sensibilities. For instance, it gives details on the Mätam ritual, where the Bektashis refrain from drinking water. Therefore, even if it seems that Frashëri's initial idea was to translate and adapt Fuzûlî's work, it ended up as a truly national and comprehensible composition on its own.[4]
The poem is divided in ten sections, and is preceded by an introduction. The intro tells the story of the Bektashism in Albania, with plenty of information believed he gathered from Baba Shemin of Krujë and Nasibi Tahir Babai, both Bektashi important figures of that time. The poem cites the sect's important personalities, latter additions, and propagation. It follows with the history of the Arabs before Islam, the work of the Prophet, his life and death, and events that led to the Karbala tragedy. The Battle of Karbala is described in detail; Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn ibn Ali.[4]
The poem is believed to have served at a some extend as base model for the later work of the Albanian nationalist poet Naim Frashëri named Qerbelaja (Karbala), and also for the epic Istori' e Skenderbeut (History of Scanderbeg), published in Bucharest in 1898.[4][8] It is one of the latest works written in Albanian using the Arabic alphabet.
Notes and references
editNotes
^ a: Robert Elsie and other Albanian sources mention 65,000 verses,[6][8] Norris 56,000,[4] Shuteriqi 56,000,[2] while the official Bektashi portal 60,000.[3]
References
- ^ Frashëri, Alfred; Frashëri, Neki (2014). Frashëri në Historine e Shqiperisë (in Albanian). Tirana. p. 39.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Dhimiter Shuteriqi (1976), Shkrimet Shqipe ne Vitet 1332-1850, Tirana: Academy of Sciences of PR of Albania, pp. 226–227, OCLC 252881121
- ^ a b c d e f "World Bektashi Headquarters Teqeja e Frashërit - Vatër e zjarrtë (in Albanian)". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i H.T.Norris (1993), Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World, Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 180–181, ISBN 9780872499775, OCLC 28067651
- ^ a b c d Lloyd Ridgeon; Lloyd V. J. Ridgeon (23 October 2012), Shi'i Islam and identity: religion, politics and change in the global Muslim community, Library of modern religion, I.B. Tauris, p. 187, ISBN 9781848856493, OCLC 769547027
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Robert Elsie; Centre for Albanian Studies (London) (2005), Albanian Literature: A Short History, I.B. Tauris, p. 42, ISBN 9781845110314, OCLC 62131578
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen; Fischer, Professor Bernd J. (2002). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34189-1.
- ^ a b Frashëri, fshati historik i braktisur [Frasher, the abandoned historic village] (in Albanian), Ylli Press, 2010-04-23, archived from the original on 2010-06-16,
Këtu e gjeti frymëzimin edhe Naim Frashëri për hartimin më vonë të dy episodeve të tij.
translated:
Here Naim Frasheri found his inspiration as well for drafting out two works of his