Daniel Edward Atkinson (April 8, 1921 – February 2, 2024) was an American biochemist who worked at UCLA for 40 years from 1952 until his retirement in 1992, though he continued his scientific work as Emeritus Professor.[1] He is best known for the concept of energy charge.[2]
Daniel Edward Atkinson | |
|---|---|
| Born | April 8, 1921 Pawnee City, Nebraska, U.S.[1] |
| Died | February 2, 2024 (aged 102) Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. |
| Education | University of Nebraska, Iowa State University (Ph.D.) |
| Known for | Energy charge |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biochemistry, especially metabolic regulation |
| Institutions | California Institute of Technology, Argonne National Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles |
Education
editAtkinson was an undergraduate at the University of Nebraska, and obtained a Ph.D. at Iowa State University, where he investigated the synthesis of aromatic amino acids[3] and effects of p-fluorophenylalanine[4] in Lactobacillus arabinosus, under the supervision of Sidney Fox.
Career
editAfter a post-doctoral period at the California Institute of Technology, followed by one as a research scientist at Argonne National laboratories, Atkinson moved to UCLA in 1952 as the second biochemist in the department. In his first work at UCLA he studied the bacterium Hydrogenomonas facilis, beginning with a description of the purification of hydrogenase.[5]
Atkinson remained at UCLA for the remainder of his career, where he undertook numerous studies of metabolic regulation. Of these the best known is his introduction of the concept of energy charge.
Energy charge
editAtkinson and Walton[6][7] introduced the concept of energy charge, later discussed more fully,[2] as a way to rationalize the dependence of metabolic processes on the proportions of the adenylates. For pairs of metabolites, such as the reduced and oxidized forms of NAD, a straightforward ratio of concentrations is sufficient, but the case of the adenylates is more complicated, as there are three components to be considered, AMP, ADP and ATP.
The three adenylates are related by the reaction catalysed by adenylate kinase:
and on the basis of this equation Atkinson proposed the following ratio as a measure of the metabolic state of a cell:
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {Energy} {\text{ }}\mathrm {charge} ={\frac {[\mathrm {ATP} ]+0.5[\mathrm {ADP} ]}{[\mathrm {ATP} ]+[\mathrm {ADP} ]+[\mathrm {AMP} ]}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93c67ca8e938d8f618a4029a957931c0e8433dfb)
Metabolic regulation
editAtkinson's work on the energy charge was part of a broader interest in metabolic regulation and its mechanisms, and he contributed numerous influential publications in this field. In addition to general articles on metabolic regulation[8][9] he also worked on specific enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase[10] and glutaminase,[11] and on the role of urea synthesis in vertebrates.[12]
Cellular Energy Metabolism and its Regulation
editAtkinson's influential book on energy metabolism set out the concepts and understanding of metabolic regulation that had developed over the preceding decades (most notably by him), in particular explaining the role of ratios of metabolite concentrations, including the energy charge, in regulating enzyme properties.[13]
Later life and death
editAtkinson spent his last years living in Corvallis, Oregon. He died on February 2, 2024, at the age of 102.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c Clarke, Catherine; Clarke, Steven (7 March 2024). "Remembering Daniel E. Atkinson – Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Biochemistry (1921 – 2024)". UCLA.
- ^ a b Atkinson, D. E. (1968). "The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter: Interaction with feedback modifiers". Biochemistry. 7 (1): 4030–4034. doi:10.1021/bi00851a033. PMID 4972613.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; Fox, S. W. (1951). "Synthesis of aromatic amino acids by mutant strains of Lactobacillus arabinosus". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 31 (2): 212–223. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(51)90208-1. PMID 14830228.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; Melvin, S.; Fox, S. W. (1951). "Effects of p-fluorophenylalanine on the growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 31 (2): 205–211. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(51)90207-X. PMID 14830227.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; McFadden, B. A. (1954). "The biochemistry of Hydrogenomonas 1. The hydrogenase of Hydrogenomonas facilis in cell-free preparations". J. Biol. Chem. 210 (2): 885–893. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65415-8. PMID 13211626.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; Walton, G. M. (1965). "Kinetics of regulatory enzymes: Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (2): 757–763. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45240-9. PMID 14275132.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; Walton, G. M. (1967). "Adenosine triphosphate conservation in metabolic regulation: Rat liver citrate cleavage enzyme". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (12): 3239–3241. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)95956-9. PMID 6027798.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E. (1965). "Biological feedback control at the molecular level". Science. 150 (3698): 851–857. Bibcode:1965Sci...150..851A. doi:10.1126/science.150.3698.851. PMID 5319760.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E. (1969). "Regulation of enzyme function". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 23: 47–68. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.23.100169.000403. PMID 4900062.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E.; Hathaway, J. A.; Smith, E. C. (1965). "Kinetics of regulatory enzymes: Kinetic order of the yeast diphosphopyridine nucleotide isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction and a model for the reaction". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (6): 2682–2690. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97380-1. PMID 14304886.
- ^ Szweda, L. I.; Atkinson, D. E. (1989). "Response of rat-liver glutaminase to pH: Mediation by phosphate and ammonium ions". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (26): 15357–15360. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84835-4. PMID 2768267.
- ^ Atkinson, D. E. (1992). "Functional roles of urea synthesis in vertebrates". Physiol. Zool. 65 (2): 243–267. doi:10.1086/physzool.65.2.30158252. S2CID 87121092.
- ^ Atkinson, Daniel E. (1977). Cellular Energy Metabolism and its Regulation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0120661503.