Emperor Jomei (舒明天皇, Jomei-tennō, April 17, 593 – November 17, 641) was the 34th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]
| Emperor Jomei 舒明天皇 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great King of Yamato | |||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||
| Reign | 629–641 | ||||
| Predecessor | Suiko | ||||
| Successor | Kōgyoku | ||||
| Born | Tamura (田村) 17 April 593 | ||||
| Died | 17 November 641 (aged 48) Kudara no Miya | ||||
| Burial | Osaka no uchi no misasagi (Nara) | ||||
| Spouse | Takara (later Empress Kōgyoku) | ||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
| Father | Prince Oshisako-no-hikohito-no-Ōe [ja] | ||||
| Mother | Princess Nukate-hime | ||||
Jomei's reign spanned the years from 629 through 641.[3]
Traditional narrative
editBefore Jomei's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Tamura (田村) or Prince Tamura (田村皇子, Tamura-no-Ōji).[4] As emperor, his name would have been Okinagatarashihi Hironuka Sumeramikoto (息長足日広額天皇).[5]
He was a grandson of Emperor Bidatsu, both paternally and maternally. His father was Prince Oshisakanohikohito-no-Ōe, his mother was Princess Nukate-hime, who was a younger sister of his father.[6]
Events in Jomei's reign
editHe succeeded his great aunt, Empress Suiko. Suiko did not make it clear who was to succeed her after her death. Before her death in 629, she called Tamura and Prince Shōtoku's son, Prince Yamashiro-no-Ōe, and gave some brief advice to each of them. After her death the court was divided into two factions, each supporting one of the princes for the throne. Soga no Emishi, the head of Soga clan, supported Tamura. He claimed that Empress Suiko's last words suggested her desire that Tamura succeed her to the throne. Scholars then construed that the succession (senso)[7] was received by Tamura.[8] Shortly thereafter, he is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) as Emperor Jomei.[9] Prince Yamashiro-no-Ōe was later attacked by the Soga clan and committed suicide along with his entire family.
Jomei's contemporary title would not have been tennō, as most historians believe this title was not introduced until the reigns of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō. Rather, it was presumably Sumeramikoto (written the same way as tennō: 天皇) or Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi (治天下大王), meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven". Alternatively, Jomei might have been referred to as (ヤマト大王/大君) or the "Great King of Yamato".
During Emperor Jomei's reign, Soga no Emishi seized several political initiatives. After Jomei's death, the throne was passed to his wife and niece, Empress Kōgyoku, and then to her younger brother, Emperor Kōtoku, before eventually being inherited by two of his sons, Emperor Tenji and Emperor Tenmu.
Emperor Jomei's reign lasted 13 years. In the 13th year of his reign (舒明天皇十三年), he died at the age of 49.[8]
Grave
editThe actual site of Jomei's grave is known.[1] The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) located in Sakurai, Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Jomei's mausoleum. It is formally named Osaka no uchi no misasagi.[10]
It is commonly called Dannozuka Kofun. It is an Octagonal Kofun. It is identified as the tomb of Emperor Jomei by the Imperial Household Agency[11][12] and of the same form as the attributed tomb of his son.[12][13] and of his wife Empress Kōgyoku buried in Kengoshizuka Kofun.[14][15]
Poetry
editThe Man'yōshū includes poems attributed to emperors and empresses, including "Climbing Kagu-yama and looking upon the land", which is said to have been composed by Emperor Jomei:
- Countless are the mountains in Yamato,
- But perfect is the heavenly hill of Kagu;
- When I climb it and survey my realm,
- Over the wide plain the smoke-wreaths rise and rise,
- Over the wide lake the gulls are on the wing;
- A beautiful land it is, the land of Yamato!
- – Emperor Jomei[16]
Consorts and children
editHi: Princess Tame (田眼皇女), Emperor Bidatsu’s daughter
Empress: Princess Takara (宝皇女) later Empress Kōgyoku, Prince Chinu's daughter (also Prince Oshisaka-no-Hikohito-no-Ōe's grand daughter and Emperor Bidatsu’s great grand daughter)
- Second Son: Prince Kazuraki/Naka-no-Ōe (葛城/中大兄皇子) later Emperor Tenji
- Prince Ōama (大海人皇子) later Emperor Tenmu
- Princess Hashihito (間人皇女, d. 665), Empress Consort of Emperor Kōtoku
Bunin: Soga no Hote-no-iratsume (蘇我法提郎女), Soga no Umako‘s daughter
- First Son: Prince Furuhito-no-Ōe (古人大兄皇子) (ca. 612–645)
- Princess Nunoshiki (布敷皇女)
Court lady (Uneme): Kaya no Uneme (蚊屋采女), lower court lady from Kaya (蚊屋采女姉子)
- Prince Kaya (蚊屋皇子)
Bunin: Awata no Kagushi-hime (粟田香櫛媛)
- Princess Oshisaka-no-watamuki (押坂錦向皇女)
Bunin: Soga no Tetsuki-no-iratsume (蘇我手杯娘), Soga no Emishi‘s daughter
- Princess Yata (箭田皇女)
Unknown:
- Prince Isobe (磯部皇子), founder of Kuge clan
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ a b Kunaichō: 斉明天皇 (34)
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 48.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 42–43, p. 42, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp.263; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 129–130.
- ^ Brown, p. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^ "舒明天皇（一）出自について".
- ^ Varley, p. 129.
- ^ Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ a b Varley, p. 130.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 42; Brown, p. 264; Varley, p. 130.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
- ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "ASUKA, FUJIWARA AND ASUKA-ERA CITIES AND TOMBS | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "Dan-no-tsuka Kofun [Dannotsuka Kofun 段ノ塚古墳, Jomei Tennō-ryō Jomei Tennnoryo 舒明天皇] Passage Grave : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map". October 16, 2023. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ "Kengoshizuka Kofun Tumulus, Koshitsuka-gomon Kofun Tumulus". Exploring the Footsteps of the Heroines of Asuka. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ "Octagonal burial mound said to belong to ancient Japan empress reconstructed in Nara Pref". Mainichi Daily News. March 4, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai. (1969). The Manyōshū, p. 3.
References
edit- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
- (in Japanese) Yamada, Munemutsu. (1992). Nihon Shoki. Tokyo: Newton Press (Nyūton-puresu). ISBN 978-4-315-51248-9; OCLC 166448992