The Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)[5] also referred to as Charles John’s campaign against Denmark, or as the War for Norway (Danish: Kampen om Norge)[6][7] was the Coalition campaign against Denmark-Norway led by the Swedish crown prince Charles John, and it was the last major conflict between Denmark and Sweden. The war was a part of Sweden's campaign against the French Empire, who after defeating at The Battle of the Nations turned its attention to Napoleon's last ally Denmark–Norway. Denmark was invaded through its German duchies, who later became occupied. In the peace treaty Denmark was forced to give Norway to Sweden, ending the 400 year personal union between them.
| Dano-Swedish War 1813–1814 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War of the Sixth Coalition and the Dano-Swedish War | |||||||||
 Battle of Bornhöved by Per Krafft the Younger | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Sweden Russian Empire United Kingdom Prussia Hanover Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
 Denmark-NorwaySupported by  French Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Charles John Anders Skjöldebrand Ludwig Wallmoden |
Frederik VI Frederik of Hesse | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| See Order of Battle | See Order of Battle | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 43,000–65,000 men[2][3] | 10,200–12,500 men[4][3] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
editThe first Dano-Swedish war of the Nineteenth century, ended indecisively. The Swedish invasion of Norway failed, partly due to the harsh Norwegian weather, but also in part due to its war with Russia. In the peace negotiations following the war, Russian diplomats pointed to Norway as being an “obvious territorial compensation” for Finland. Although Denmark and Russia had an alliance, it was becoming clear that Denmark was more dependent on Russia than Russia was on Denmark.[8] The war with Russia meant that Sweden did not have its strong infantry, but the Swedish crown prince did manage to replace the fallen with new and educated soldiers.[9]
The last Dano-Swedish war had proven to Charles John that, if he wanted Norway, he would need a new strategy. Because Charles John was already in Germany fighting Napoleon, it meant that he could counter march through Denmark-Norway’s German duchies, thereby pressuring Frederick VI of Denmark to cede Norway. The idea was to try to establish a good relationship with the Norwegians, as well as avoiding a Norwegian front. When Denmark found out about this, it sent the Danish crown prince to Norway, both to secure the Norwegians loyalty, but also to prepare him to take the throne.[7] Denmark-Norway's military was also under strain at this time. For the last six years it had been at war with the United Kingdom, after which they couldn’t exert its naval power, since it was captured in the Gunboat War.[10] The Danish army on the other hand had barely lost any troops in the Napoleonic Wars, and it was fairly strong when it was deployed to Northern Germany in 1813. The Danish army was made up of veterans and physically strong and military educated men.[11]
Foreign support
editDenmark was by 1812 still allied with Napoleon, and the Danish king Frederik VI had signed a secret defense agreement with France in a treaty at Fontainebleau, in which he put 10,000 soldiers at his disposal. The treaty was never honored, however.[8]
Sweden could count on support from both Russia and Britain. Sweden and Russia signed a treaty at Saint Petersburg and Sweden and England signed one at Stockholm. Both of them supported the Swedish claim to Norway.[12]
France had begun retreating from Russia in 1812, and Russia was now on a march through Central Europe and thus wanted allies. Russia proposed that Denmark join the coalition. In compensation for Norway, Denmark would get the Hanseatic cities, the German north coast, and the Netherlands. This was mostly done because Austria had sought new allies to become the leading power in the coalition. Denmark rejected all these proposals to keep its territorial integrity.[12][13]
War
edit
The Swedish Crown Prince Charles John had left Sweden and assembled an army of 50,000 troops to invade Denmark over the Elbe through Holstein, and with that conquer the last ally of Napoleon. He faced a smaller force commanded by Prince Frederik of Hesse, that had taken defensive positions near Oldeslog[14] as well as a combined Dano-French defense in the Stecknitz Canal.[1] The Swedes crossed the Elbe the day before in Boizenburg, which at that point was fortified by French troops. The French troops decided to go to Hamburg instead of meeting the Swedes at Stecknitz. The Danish soldiers, getting news of a Swedish attack on the Stecknitz Canal, got orders to leave too.[15]
Before the Swedish Crown prince arrived, the Russian general Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn engaged in a battle with the Danes at Boden. The battle pushed the Danes back to Tonnendorf.[16] Prince Frederik of Hesse moved his troops to Segeberg on the way to Kiel. On 7 December, Danish troops under Prince Frederik of Hesse fought the Swedish troops under Anders Fredrik Skjöldebrand at Bornhöved. The Battle of Bornhöved ended inconclusively. The Danish troops secured their way to Kiel, and the Swedish troops displaced the 5000 inhabitants of the Bornhöved and set camp up there.[14][17]
While the Danish army was in Kiel, they got news about the Army of the North closing in on Rendsburg. Prince Frederik decided to meet Army of the North at Rendsburg, but on the way he met Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn at Sehested, with an army of about 10,000 men. The Danes won the Battle of Sehested and secured the way to Rendsburg.[14] Deserting became a growing problem after the Battle of Bornhöved (1813) and became even greater while the Danish army was stationed at the fortified cities of Glückstadt and Rendsburg, especially from the Holsteinian regiments. It was seen as foolish by the Holsteinians to be allied with Napoleon, and the war became even more unpopular by civilians and soldiers alike.[18]
A ceasefire was signed between the coalition and Denmark on the 15 December and lasted until the 29 December.[14]
Occupation of Schleswig and Holstein
edit
When the armistice ended on 5 January 1814, a Russian Cossack army made of about four regiments moved up through the Ejder up to City of Schleswig on the 5-6 January, then moving to Flensburg on the 6th, Aabenraa on the 7th and Haderslev on the 8th. They were followed by Swedish cavalry.[19] The Coalition army was so overwhelming that the local population in Schleswig and Holstein barely tried to resist the occupation.[20] Swedish troops moved up through Schleswig-Holstein into the Danish Wahld while Russian troops (also known as Cossacks) stayed and occupied Holstein.[21]
The occupation of Danish Wahld and the rest of Schleswig was relatively light compared to that of Holstein. The Swedes that occupied Gettorf are said to have behaved respectfully, even sharing alcohol with the priest of Gettorf. The Swedish troops also visited Gettorf after the Treaty of Kiel.[19] The occupation of Holstein was meant to put pressure on Frederik VI of Denmark, but the king was unwilling to give up Norway. In a statement Frederik issued at Christmas time, Frederik had this to say about the occupation:[19]
They can plunder Schleswig and Jutland; but they cannot take Norway from me if I'm unwilling to give it up.
A collection was arranged in May 1814 after the occupation of Schleswig and Holstein to help the locals. The whole of Denmark contributed, despite the bankruptcy.[20] Frederik VI made a commission to determine how much the people of Schleswig and Holstein suffered. The commission put the number at 10 million rigsdaler. The population of the duchies fell with 1,000 dying as a result of the occupation.[20] The occupation of Schleswig and Holstein is known as the Swedish winter in the Danish Wahld, referring to the Swedish troops who occupied it, and in the rest of Schleswig-Holstein it’s known as the Cossack winter, referring to the Russian troops that occupied it.[21]
Aftermath
editIt was when Swedish troops reached Holstein that Frederik VI agreed to peace talks. Since the Swedish troops were in Kiel, that was also where the peace negotiations would take place.[22]
In the negotiations between Denmark and Great Britain, it was decided that Denmark-Norway was to cede the island of Heligoland to the United Kingdom. In return, the United Kingdom would retreat from the occupied territories of Anholt, Danish India, and the Danish West Indies.[23] Denmark was also forced to join the Coalition and send an army of 10,000 troops to be under the command of Marshall Bernadotte, for which they would receive a subsidy of 400,000 pounds. [24]
In the negotiations between Denmark and Sweden, it was decided that Denmark would cede Norway (without its dependencies) to Sweden. In return, Denmark would gain Swedish Pomerania and Rügen – which they then traded with Prussia for the Duchy of Lauenburg in the Congress of Vienna – and an indemnity of 1 million rixdollars.[22]
Notes
edit- ^ Traded for the Duchy of Launberg in the Congress of Vienna
- ^ Rough translation of: »Man kan endnu plyndre Slesvig og Jylland; men man kan ikke tage Norge fra mig,hvis jeg ikke vil bortgive det,«
References
edit- ^ a b Wadskjær 2020, pp. 88.
- ^ Barton 1925, pp. 113–116.
- ^ a b Wolter 2016.
- ^ "The Kingdom of Denmark".
- ^ Nordhagen Ottosen, Morten (2022). The Napoleonic Wars in Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Sørensen 1871.
- ^ a b "Kampen om Norge" (PDF).
- ^ a b Feldbæk, Ole. "Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars A Foreign Policy Survey" (PDF).
- ^ Wadskjær 2020, pp. 19.
- ^ "Englænderkrigene". 29 April 2024.
- ^ Wadskjær 2020, pp. 21.
- ^ a b "Dansk udenrigspolitik 1812-1813 - e-tidsskrifter.dk".
- ^ "Danmark-Norge og Napoleonskrigene".
- ^ a b c d Gravensten 2014, pp. 337–338.
- ^ Wadskjær 2020, p. 89.
- ^ "Det kimer nu til julestrid -". 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Freden i Kiel 1814". 4 January 2017.
- ^ Glenthøj & Ottosen 2014, p. pp=275-276.
- ^ a b c Historisk Samfund for Sønderjylland 2012.
- ^ a b c Chakoten 2013.
- ^ a b "Der Kosakenwinter oder Schwedenwinter 1813/14".
- ^ a b "The Peace Treaty of Kiel".
- ^ "Freden i Kiel 14. Januar 1814".
- ^ Jenssen-Tusch 1852, pp. 169.
Bibliography
edit- Glenthøj, Rasmus; Ottosen, Morten (2014). 1814 - Danmark-Norge under Napoleonskrigene - krig, nederlag, frihed. Gads forlag.
- Barton, Sir D. Plunket (1925). Bernadotte: Prince and King 1810–1844. John Murray.
- Sørensen, Carl Theodor (1871). Kampen om Norge i årene 1813 og 1814. Bind 2: Et bidrag til de nordiske rigers krigshistorie (in Danish).
- Gravensten, Eva (2014). Det blinde skæbnespil [The blind fate game] (in Danish).
- Wolter, Hans (2016). Danish Infantry of the Line and Light Infantry 1803-1814 (PDF). Chakoten.
- Petersen, J. (1978). 3 betydningsfulde slag ved Bornhöved. Krigsvidenskab.dk.
- Wadskjær, Sune Nielsen (2020). Rædselstiden Napoleon modstandere angriber Danmark i december 1813.
- Jenssen-Tusch, Georg Friedrich (1852). Zur Regierungsgeschichte Friedrich VI. Königs von Dänemark, Herzogs von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg (in German). Vol. 2. Verlag Schröder.
- Det Danske Auxiliærkorps I Nordtyskland 1813 (PDF) (in Danish). Chakoten.dk. 2013.
- Sønderjyske Årbøger 2012 (PDF) (in Danish). Historisk Samfund for Sønderjylland. 2012.