Wikipedia

Deborah Lawrie

Deborah Jane Lawrie AM (born 1953), known as Deborah Wardley while married, was the first woman to become a pilot with a major Australian airline[2] after winning a landmark sex discrimination case against Ansett Airlines.

Deborah Jane Lawrie
AM
Born1953 (age 70–71)[1]
Sydney
Alma materUniversity of Melbourne
OccupationAirline pilot
Known forCommercial Pilot

Early life and education

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Deborah Lawrie was born in Sydney in 1953; her family later moved to Melbourne.[1] Lawrie, from the age of 14, wanted to fly. Deborah, 16 years old, learned to fly at Moorabbin Airport.[3] She graduated with a degree in science from the University of Melbourne in 1974 and in education from Rusden State College in 1975. She taught high school mathematics and science from 1975 to 1977.

She obtained a private pilot licence in 1971 (aged 18)[4] and a commercial pilot licence in 1973. She logged 2600 flying hours and became a general aviation flying instructor and charter pilot in 1976.

Case against Ansett

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Lawrie encouraged by her husband Peter Wardley, an Air Traffic Controller, first applied to Ansett Airlines in 1976 and kept sending applications for two years. During that time, 10 fellow male flying instructors were accepted into the Ansett pilot training program. She was finally interviewed in 1978 but was rejected. She took the case to the then new Victorian Equal Opportunity Board under the equivalent direct discrimination provisions of the Victorian Equal Opportunity Act 1977, and challenged Ansett's rejection under recently enacted equal opportunity legislation.

She and Peter Wardley having married days before the case began, she chose to use her married name in the case. The case of Wardley v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd,[5][6] was the first sex discrimination in employment case[7] contested before the Equal Opportunity Board.[8]

Reg Ansett denied the allegation of discrimination but admitted that it was his strong personal view that women were not suited to be airline pilots.[9] This led to public demonstration marches in August 1979,[10] and a successful 'girl-cot': businesses were encouraged by women to transfer their travel accounts from Ansett to Trans Australia Airlines and, in the first six months, Ansett lost more than 50 per cent of its business travel and a lot never returned.[11] In a letter to the secretary of the Women's Electoral Lobby, the general manager of Ansett wrote:

"Ansett has adopted a policy of only employing men as pilots. This does not mean that women cannot be good pilots, but we are concerned with the provision of the safest and most efficient air service possible. In this regard, we feel that an all-male pilot crew is safer than one in which the sexes are mixed."[12]

Ansett raised a number of objections to the employment of women as pilots, including:[13]

  • That pilots needed strength, even though there was no strength test for pilots
  • That unions would object
  • That women's menstrual cycles made them unsuitable
  • Pregnancy and childbirth would disrupt a woman's career to the point where it would jeopardise safety and incur extra costs for the company. This was Ansett's main legal argument.

The Victorian Equal Opportunity Board ruled that Ansett's refusal to employ Lawrie was illegal. It awarded damages of $14,500 and ordered Ansett to include her in its next pilot training program. Ansett delayed its training intake and appealed to the Supreme Court of Victoria but the appeal was dismissed. Ansett appealed the Supreme Court decision to the High Court of Australia in October 1979, but employed Lawrie from 5 November pending the outcome of the case.[14]

During classroom training, Ansett attempted to sack her by claiming she had been at fault in a near-miss incident at Moorabbin Airport despite an inquiry exonerating her and identifying the other pilot as at fault. Ansett backed down after unions stepped in.[15]

When classroom training was completed in December 1979, she was not assigned to training aircraft despite the male trainees progressing to flight training. Ansett Airlines had been taken over by Peter Abeles and Rupert Murdoch in late 1979. Lawrie had previously trained Murdoch's brother in law, John Calvert-Jones, to fly. She telephoned Calvert-Jones in early January 1980 informing him of the situation. Two days later Rupert Murdoch issued a memo directing that she was to be treated the same as the male pilot candidates.[15] She commenced flight training immediately and made her first commercial flight co-piloting a Fokker F27 from Alice Springs to Darwin on 22 January 1980.

The High Court dismissed Ansett's appeal in March 1980.[16][17] The case is still used as a precedent. However, simply removing the most formal of exclusionary practices did not dissolve barriers,[18] and so continuing prejudices and obstacles mean that female commercial airline pilots are still rare in Australia.[19][20]

"The board had ordered that Ansett pay me $40 a day until they employed me, so I was getting a pay cheque every second Wednesday," — Lawrie[21]

Lawrie was awarded $14,500, which went toward legal fees.[22]

Later career

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Lawrie progressed to jet aircraft, going on to fly the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 with Ansett Airlines. She was one of 1,640 pilots who resigned en masse following the 1989 Australian pilots' dispute.[23] She briefly returned to teaching and had her first child, Thomas, in January 1991. A biography of Lawrie was published by Allen & Unwin in 1992.

In 1993 she moved to the Netherlands and joined KLM as a Fokker 50 pilot. In 1994 she became a Fokker 50 instructor. In 1998 she became Flight Safety Manager and Chief Flight Safety Investigator for KLM Cityhopper.[3] Until 2007 she was also a senior Airbus A330 captain with KLM.

Now divorced, she has resumed using the name Deborah Lawrie.[15]

After reaching the mandatory retirement age for airline pilots in Europe, Lawrie returned to Australia in 2008.[3] She joined Jetstar Airways as Safety Investigations Manager and occasional pilot to maintain her Airbus A320 type rating. In July 2012 she joined Tigerair Australia and was an Airbus A320 Captain and instructor, later retraining on the Boeing 737-800. When the Tigerair brand was retired by Virgin Australia Holdings in 2020 she transferred to Virgin Australia.

Lawrie was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of her "significant service to aviation as a commercial pilot, and to women in the profession".[24] In June 2020 she was inducted into the Australian Aviation Hall of Fame.[25][26]

As of November 2023, Lawrie is the world's oldest female commercial pilot.[27]

Legacy

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In November 2023, a flyover of the Sydney Gateway leading into the Sydney Airport domestic terminal buildings was named the Deborah Lawrie Flyover.[27] Lawrie, who was present at the flyover's name unveiling, said she was "honoured to be recognised as a trailblazer for women in aviation".

References

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  1. ^ a b Johnston, Marjorie (1989). Jobs for the Girls. Richmond, Vic.: William Heinemann Australia. ISBN 978-0-8556-1152-1.[page needed]
  2. ^ "World's oldest female commercial pilot Deborah Lawrie enjoys 50 years of flying". ABC News. 8 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b c "Captain Deborah Lawrie AM". Platinum Speakers & Entertainers. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Women in aviation: Landmark cases". Skies Mag. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  5. ^ Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Wardley (1984) EOC 92003.
  6. ^ Dahn, S. (1987). Wardley v. Ansett: an examination and analysis of a leading and influential equal opportunity case. Masters Research thesis, Economics & Commerce, The University of Melbourne
  7. ^ L.R. Edwards, 'Employment of Women Airline Pilots in Australia' (1980) 5 Air and Space Law, Issue 3, pp. 171–173
  8. ^ Sisely, Dianne (2000–2001). "Annual Report: Chief Executive's Report" (PDF). Equal Opportunity Commission Victoria. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  9. ^ Maloney, Shane and Grosz, Chris. Reg Ansett and Deborah Wardley [online]. Monthly, The, Sept 2012: 66. Availability:[1] ISSN 1832-3421. [cited 5 Jul 15].
  10. ^ Robson, P. (1984). The Accord and Social Welfare: Current Results and Outlook. Australian Left Review, 1(88), 4-11.
  11. ^ Magarey, S. (2010). 4.'To Demand Equality is to Lack Ambition': Sex discrimination Legislation—Contexts and Contradictions1. Sex Discrimination in Uncertain Times, 93. Chicago
  12. ^ "Equal opportunity getting a fair go: The Raw Deal". Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  13. ^ Smith, Fiona (September 2004). "Bridging the Gap Between Expectation and Reality" (PDF). Equal Opportunity Commission Victoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  14. ^ "The Law Report, 6 July 2004". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  15. ^ a b c Porter, Liz (27 June 2004). "25 years on, pilot fighter lands softly". The Age. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  16. ^ Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Wardley [1980] HCA 8, (1980) 142 CLR 237 (4 March 1980), High Court.
  17. ^ Scutt, J. A. (2003). Without Precedent-Sex/Gender Discrimination in the High Court. Alternative LJ, 28, 74. Chicago
  18. ^ Smith, Belinda (2008). "From Wardley to Purvis - How Far has Australian Anti-Discrimination Law Come in 30 Years?". Australian Journal of Labour Law. 21: 3 ff. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1005528. SSRN 1005528. Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 07/55.
  19. ^ Gaze, B. The Sex Discrimination Act at 25: Reflections on the Past, Present and Future. In Thornton, Margaret (editor) (2010) Sex Discrimination in Uncertain Times, ANU E Press, The Australian National University Canberra. p.110
  20. ^ "To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Deborah’s win, the [Equal Opportunity] Commission [invited] Ms Lawrie...to Australia to celebrate 25 years since her historic win. Speaking at the official celebration she said she was surprised at how little had changed since her case attracted international headlines. She said Australia lagged behind European countries in addressing sex discrimination, maternity leave entitlements, sexual harassment and sexist attitudes towards women." Equal Opportunity Commission Annual Report 2003/4 p.15
  21. ^ "25 years on, pilot fighter lands softly". The Age. 27 June 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  22. ^ Money, Lawrence (25 September 2014). "Pioneer female pilot Deborah Lawrie says mission accomplished in the airline cockpit". The Age. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  23. ^ "Deborah Lawrie". Her Place Women's Museum. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  24. ^ "Deborah Jane Lawrie". honours.pmc.gov.au. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  25. ^ "Women's rights pioneer Deborah Lawrie enters Hall of Fame". Australian Aviation. 18 June 2020.
  26. ^ "'Reg Ansett did not want women on his flight decks': how a trailblazing pilot fought prejudice all the way to the high court". the Guardian. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  27. ^ a b "Australia's first female commercial airline pilot Captain Deborah Lawrie opens Sydney Airport bridge named in her honour". ABC News. 6 November 2023.

Further reading

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  • McKenna, Elaine; Lawrie, Deborah (1992). Letting Fly: Deborah Wardley, Australia's Trail-Blazing Pilot. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-259-4.
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