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Demographics of the Czech Republic

(Redirected from Demographics of Czechia)

Demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations.

Demographics of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic population pyramid in 2020
PopulationDecrease 10,859,532 (31 March 2024)[1]
Growth rate0.004% (2020)[2]
Birth rateDecrease 9.5 births/1,000 population (2022)[2]
Death ratePositive decrease 11.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022)[2]
Life expectancy79.3 years (2020)[2]
 • male76.3 years (2020)[2]
 • female82.4 years (2020)[2]
Fertility rateDecrease 1.45 children born/woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate2.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[2]
Net migration rate2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)[2]
Age structure
0–14 yearsDecrease 15.9 % (2023)[3]
15–64 yearsIncrease 63.6 % (2023)[3]
65 and overNegative increase 20.5 % (2023)[3]
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2018)[4]
Nationality
Nationality
  • noun: Czech(s)
  • adjective: Czech
Major ethnicCzech 64.3% (2011)[2] [fn 1]
Minor ethnic
  • Moravian 5%
  • Slovak 1.4%
  • other 1.8%
  • unspecified 27.5%
  • (2011)[2]
Language
OfficialCzech
Spoken
  • Czech (official) 95.4%
  • Slovak 1.6%
  • other 3%
  • (2011 census)[2]
Population density in the Czech Republic by district

Population

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With an estimated population of 10,516,707 as of 2022, compared to 9.3 million at the beginning of the 20th century, the population growth of the Czech Republic has been limited, due to low fertility rates and loss of population in and around World Wars I and II. Population loss during World War I was approximately 350,000. At the beginning of World War II the population of the Czech Republic reached its maximum (11.2 million). Due to the expulsion of the German residents after World War II, the Czech Republic lost about 3 million inhabitants and in 1947 the population was only 8.8 million. Population growth resumed, and in 1994 the population was 10.33 million.

From 1994 to 2003 natural growth was slightly negative (−0.15% per year) and the population decreased to 10.2 million. Since 2005, natural growth has been positive, but in recent times the most important influence on the population of the Czech Republic has been immigration: approximately 300,000 during the 2010s.

  • One birth every 5 minutes
  • One death every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 44 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 131 minutes

[5]

Total population

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
17904,444,000—    
18004,659,000+4.8%
18104,870,000+4.5%
18205,272,791+8.3%
18305,996,778+13.7%
18406,378,071+6.4%
18506,826,465+7.0%
18607,277,801+6.6%
YearPop.±%
18697,617,230+4.7%
18808,222,013+7.9%
18908,665,421+5.4%
19009,372,214+8.2%
191010,078,637+7.5%
192110,009,587−0.7%
193010,674,386+6.6%
19508,896,133−16.7%
YearPop.±%
19619,571,531+7.6%
19709,807,697+2.5%
198010,291,927+4.9%
199110,302,215+0.1%
200110,230,060−0.7%
201110,436,560+2.0%
202110,524,167+0.8%
Since 1869, the data come from the censuses.
Source: Czech Demographic Handbook [6]

Life expectancy

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total population: 79.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 56th
male: 76.55 years
female: 82.61 years (2021 est.)

Death rate

10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 23rd

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[7]

 
Life expectancy since 1875
 
Life expectancy since 1960 by gender
Period Life expectancy
in years
1950–1955 66.86
1955–1960   69.59
1960–1965   70.35
1965–1970   69.99
1970–1975   70.04
1975–1980   70.64
1980–1985   70.78
1985–1990   71.46
1990–1995   72.50
1995–2000   74.23
2000–2005   75.54
2005–2010   76.98
2010–2015   78.17


| 2.4 |}

Fertility

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Czech Republic total fertility rate by region (2014)[8] Birth rate :8.75 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th Total fertility rate :1.83 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th Mother's mean age at first birth :28.5 years (2019 est.)
  1.9 – 2.1
  1.7 – 1.9
  1.5 – 1.7
  1.4 – 1.5
  1.3 – 1.4
  < 1.3

Population density and urban areas

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Main article: List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Name Population (2021)[9] Area (km²) Region
Prague 1,335,084 496 Prague
Brno 382,405 230 South Moravian
Ostrava 284,982 214 Moravian-Silesian
Plzeň 175,219 138 Plzeň
Liberec 104,261 106 Liberec
Olomouc 100,514 103 Olomouc

Age structure

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2020
0–14 years: 15.17% (male 834,447 /female 789,328)
15–24 years: 9.2% (male 508,329 /female 475,846)
25–54 years: 43.29% (male 2,382,899 /female 2,249,774)
55–64 years: 12.12% (male 636,357 /female 660,748)
65 years and over: 20.23% (male 907,255 /female 1,257,515)

Median age

  • total: 43.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 28th
  • male: 42 years
  • female: 44.7 years (2020 est.)
  • Age structure over time
  •  
    1980
  •  
    1990
  •  
    1999
  •  
    2007

Vital statistics

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Live births and deaths in the Czech Republic

Source: Czech Demographic Handbook,[10] Czech Statistical Office – Data and time series[11]

Average population (Mid-year) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude population change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[12] Migration change[13] Induced abortions[14]
1900 9,333,853 335,441 231,190 104,251 35.4 24.4 11.1 4.85
1901 9,404,689 330,411 224,151 106,260 34.6 23.5 11.2 7.5 4.76
1902 9,474,876 338,746 225,686 113,060 35.2 23.5 11.8 7.4 4.68
1903 9,545,134 323,257 221,682 101,575 33.3 22.9 10.6 7.4 4.6
1904 9,615,027 324,295 225,817 98,478 33.2 23.1 10.2 7.3 4.52
1905 9,684,512 305,183 236,324 68,859 31.0 24.1 7.1 7.2 4.44
1906 9,745,475 318,287 206,380 111,907 32.1 20.8 11.4 6.3 4.36
1907 9,824,544 311,131 214,301 96,830 31.2 21.4 9.8 8.0 4.27
1908 9,894,520 313,417 213,207 100,210 31.2 21.2 10.1 7.1 4.19
1909 9,964,789 310,338 213,338 97,000 30.6 21.1 9.7 7.1 4.11
1910 10,035,575 300,362 199,961 100,401 29.5 19.6 9.9 7.1 4.03
1911 10,099,152 292,360 208,057 84,303 28.6 20.4 8.3 6.3 3.92
1912 10,157,344 283,527 205,165 78,362 27.6 20.0 7.7 5.7 3.82
1913 10,221,343 278,072 192,332 85,740 26.9 18.6 8.3 6.3 3.71
1914 10,283,486 257,265 181,981 75,284 26.2 18.4 7.6 6.0 3.6
1915 10,285,882 188,657 193,900 -5,243 19.2 19.6 -0.5 0.2 3.5
1916 10,221,815 132,818 179,796 -46,978 13.7 18.2 -4.8 -6.3 3.39
1917 10,128,304 119,938 182,554 -62,616 12.5 18.6 -6.4 -9.2 3.28
1918 10,004,335 113,489 227,729 -114,240 12.1 23.6 -11.9 -12.4 3.18
1919 9,921,710 189,675 177,428 12,247 19.1 17.9 1.2 -8.3 3.07
1920 9,978,420 244,668 176,562 68,106 24.5 17.7 6.8 5.7 2.964
1921 10,002,030 257,281 161,321 95,960 25.7 16.1 9.6 2.4 3.035
1922 10,112,730 248,728 163,366 85,362 24.6 16.2 8.4 10.9 2.882 -14,842
1923 10,198,370 241,230 142,335 98,895 23.7 14.0 9.7 8.4 2.768 -10,930
1924 10,277,770 228,894 146,098 82,796 22.3 14.2 8.1 7.7 2.590 -7,856
1925 10,369,760 225,555 146,450 79,105 21.8 14.1 7.6 8.9 2.484 -8,720
1926 10,442,610 219,802 148,298 71,504 21.0 14.2 6.8 7.0 2.392 -6,488
1927 10,495,940 208,711 155,479 53,232 19.9 14.8 5.1 5.1 2.237 -5,501
1928 10,549,221 208,942 147,064 61,878 19.8 13.9 5.9 5.1 2.209 -6,634
1929 10,597,761 203,064 155,493 47,571 19.2 14.7 4.5 4.6 2.124 -5,440
1930 10,648,057 207,224 142,159 65,065 19.5 13.4 6.1 4.7 2.149 -4,948
1931 10,702,208 196,214 144,534 51,680 18.3 13.5 4.8 5.1 2.026 -3,105
1932 10,750,003 190,397 142,997 47,400 17.7 13.3 4.4 4.4 1.966 -1,246
1933 10,791,313 176,201 140,906 35,295 16.3 13.1 3.3 3.8 1.826 -211
1934 10,826,082 171,042 135,914 35,128 15.8 12.6 3.2 3.2 1.774 -1,069
1935 10,853,125 161,748 140,878 20,870 14.9 13.0 1.9 2.5 1.678 -1,044
1936 10,872,519 157,992 139,093 18,899 14.5 12.8 1.7 1.8 1.664 -1,538
1937 10,888,540 155,996 139,558 16,438 14.3 12.8 1.5 1.5 1.690 -2,997
1938 10,877,442 163,525 143,115 20,410 15.0 13.2 1.9 -1.9 1.847
1939 11,105,990 192,344 146,976 45,368 17.3 13.2 4.1 20.6 1.916
1940 11,159,539 218,043 153,499 64,544 19.5 13.8 5.8 4.8 2.195
1941 11,129,373 208,913 152,048 56,865 18.8 13.7 5.1 -2.7 2.279
1942 11,054,018 199,259 153,096 46,163 18.0 13.8 4.2 -6.8 2.422
1943 11,034,846 225,379 153,349 72,030 20.4 13.9 6.5 -1.7 2.784
1944 11,109,341 230,183 161,457 68,726 20.7 14.5 6.2 6.7 2.796
1945 10,692,912 194,182 184,944 9,238 18.2 17.3 0.9 -38.9 2.673
1946 9,523,266 210,454 134,568 75,886 22.1 14.1 8.0 -122.8 3.254
1947 8,765,230 206,745 105,277 101,468 23.6 12.0 11.6 -86.5 3.050 49,731
1948 8,893,104 197,837 101,501 96,336 22.2 11.4 10.8 14.4 2.886 720
1949 8,892,613 185,484 104,632 80,852 20.9 11.8 9.1 -0.1 2.728 3,202
1950 8,925,122 188,341 103,203 85,138 21.1 11.6 9.5 3.6 2.801 16,784
1951 9,023,170 185,570 102,658 82,912 20.6 11.4 9.2 10.9 2.763 12,910
1952 9,125,183 180,143 97,726 82,417 19.9 10.8 9.0 11.2 2.701 21,022
1953 9,220,908 172,547 98,837 73,710 18.9 10.8 8.0 10.4 2.611 11,325
1954 9,290,617 168,402 99,636 68,766 18.3 10.8 7.4 7.5 2.581 -2,376
1955 9,365,969 165,874 93,300 72,574 17.9 10.1 7.7 8.0 2.578 3,437
1956 9,442,040 162,509 93,526 68,983 17.4 10.0 7.3 8.1 2.568 6,176
1957 9,513,758 155,429 98,687 56,742 16.6 10.5 6.0 7.5 2.495 6,832
1958 9,574,650 141,762 93,697 48,065 15.0 9.9 5.0 6.4 2.305 6,118 49,035
1959 9,618,554 128,982 97,159 31,823 13.6 10.3 3.3 4.6 2.121 8,054 61,914
1960 9,659,818 128,879 93,863 35,016 13.6 9.9 3.6 4.3 2.113 6,521 67,550
1961 9,588,016 131,019 94,973 36,046 13.7 9.9 3.8 -7.5 2.133 4,911 70,062
1962 9,621,808 133,557 104,318 29,239 13.9 10.8 3.0 3.5 2.140 5,823 66,031
1963 9,668,741 148,840 100,129 48,711 15.4 10.4 5.0 4.9 2.332 8,277 51,470
1964 9,730,019 154,420 101,984 52,436 15.9 10.5 5.4 6.3 2.356 4,814 51,525
1965 9,785,102 147,438 105,108 42,330 15.1 10.7 4.3 5.6 2.178 3,528 58,554
1966 9,826,188 141,162 105,784 35,378 14.4 10.8 3.6 4.2 2.01 2,127 65,818
1967 9,854,241 138,448 108,967 29,481 14.1 11.1 3.0 2.8 1.90 -3,267 69,850
1968 9,877,632 137,437 115,195 22,242 13.9 11.7 2.3 2.4 1.83 -1,562 72,488
1969 9,896,695 143,165 120,653 22,512 14.5 12.2 2.3 1.9 1.86 -2,724 74,263
1970 9,805,157 147,865 123,327 24,538 15.1 12.6 2.5 -9.3 1.91 -4,350 71,893
1971 9,830,602 154,180 122,375 31,805 15.7 12.5 3.2 2.6 1.98 2,490 68,652
1972 9,868,379 163,661 119,205 44,456 16.6 12.1 4.5 3.8 2.07 2,884 65,079
1973 9,919,519 181,750 124,437 57,313 18.3 12.5 5.8 5.2 2.29 4,615 55,898
1974 9,994,761 194,215 126,809 67,406 19.4 12.7 6.7 7.5 2.43 3,052 56,969
1975 10,062,366 191,776 124,314 67,462 19.1 12.4 6.7 6.7 2.40 2,401 55,511
1976 10,128,220 187,378 125,232 62,146 18.5 12.4 6.1 6.5 2.36 2,630 56,889
1977 10,189,312 181,763 126,214 55,549 17.8 12.4 5.5 6.0 2.32 1,307 61,114
1978 10,245,686 178,901 127,136 51,765 17.5 12.4 5.1 5.5 2.32 2,064 63,904
1979 10,296,489 172,112 127,949 44,163 16.7 12.4 4.3 4.9 2.29 2,494 64,505
1980 10,326,792 153,801 135,537 18,264 15.0 13.2 1.8 2.9 2.10 1,856 68,930
1981 10,303,208 144,438 130,407 14,031 14.0 12.7 1.4 -2.3 2.02 1,717 71,574
1982 10,314,321 141,738 130,765 10,973 13.7 12.7 1.1 1.1 2.01 1,748 74,574
1983 10,322,823 137,431 134,474 2,957 13.3 13.0 0.3 0.8 1.96 2,383 75,037
1984 10,330,481 136,941 132,188 4,753 13.3 12.8 0.5 0.7 1.97 2,621 79,534
1985 10,336,742 135,881 131,641 4,240 13.1 12.7 0.4 0.6 1.96 2,195 83,042
1986 10,340,737 133,356 132,585 771 12.9 12.8 0.1 0.4 1.94 3,013 83,564
1987 10,348,834 130,921 127,244 3,677 12.7 12.3 0.4 0.8 1.91 2,721 109,626
1988 10,356,359 132,667 125,694 6,973 12.8 12.1 0.7 0.7 1.94 2,544 113,730
1989 10,362,257 128,356 127,747 609 12.4 12.3 0.1 0.6 1.87 1,459 111,683
1990 10,362,740 130,564 129,166 1,398 12.6 12.5 0.1 0 1.89 624 111,268
1991 10,308,682 129,354 124,290 5,064 12.5 12.1 0.5 -5.2 1.86 2,876 106,042
1992 10,317,807 121,705 120,337 1,368 11.8 11.7 0.1 0.9 1.71 11,781 94,180
1993 10,330,607 121,025 118,185 2,840 11.7 11.4 0.3 1.2 1.67 5,476 70,634
1994 10,336,162 106,579 117,373 -10,794 10.3 11.4 -1.0 0.5 1.44 9,942 54,836
1995 10,330,759 96,097 117,913 -21,816 9.3 11.4 -2.1 -0.5 1.28 9,999 49,531
1996 10,315,353 90,446 112,782 -22,336 8.8 10.9 -2.2 -1.5 1.19 10,129 48,086
1997 10,303,642 90,657 112,744 -22,087 8.8 10.9 -2.1 -1.1 1.17 12,075 45,022
1998 10,294,943 90,535 109,527 -18,992 8.8 10.6 -1.8 -0.8 1.16 9,488 42,959
1999 10,282,784 89,471 109,768 -20,297 8.7 10.7 -2.0 -1.2 1.13 8,774 39,382
2000 10,272,503 90,910 109,001 -18,091 8.8 10.6 -1.8 -1.0 1.14 6,539 34,623
2001 10,224,192 90,715 107,755 -17,040 8.9 10.5 -1.7 -4.7 1.14 -8,551 32,528
2002 10,200,774 92,786 108,243 -15,457 9.1 10.6 -1.5 -2.3 1.17 12,290 31,142
2003 10,201,651 93,685 111,288 -17,603 9.2 10.9 -1.7 0.1 1.18 25,789 29,298
2004 10,206,923 97,664 107,177 -9,513 9.6 10.5 -0.9 0.5 1.23 18,635 27,574
2005 10,234,092 102,211 107,938 -5,727 10.0 10.5 -0.6 2.7 1.28 36,229 26,453
2006 10,266,646 105,831 104,441 1,390 10.3 10.2 0.1 3.2 1.33 34,720 25,352
2007 10,322,689 114,632 104,636 9,996 11.1 10.1 1.0 5.4 1.44 83,945 25,414
2008 10,429,692 119,570 104,948 14,622 11.5 10.1 1.4 10.3 1.50 71,790 25,760
2009 10,491,492 118,348 107,421 10,927 11.3 10.2 1.0 5.9 1.49 28,344 24,636
2010 10,517,247 117,153 106,844 10,309 11.2 10.2 1.0 2.4 1.49 15,648 23,998
2011 10,496,672 108,673 106,848 1,825 10.4 10.2 0.2 -2.0 1.43 16,889 24,055
2012 10,509,286 108,576 108,189 387 10.3 10.3 0.0 1.2 1.45 10,293 23,032
2013 10,510,719 106,751 109,160 -2,409 10.2 10.4 -0.2 0.1 1.46 -1,297 22,714
2014 10,524,783 109,860 105,665 4,195 10.4 10.0 0.4 1.3 1.53 21,661 21,893
2015 10,542,942 110,764 111,173 -409 10.5 10.5 -0.0 1.7 1.57 15,977 20,403
2016 10,565,284 112,663 107,750 4,913 10.7 10.2 0.5 2.1 1.63 20,063 20,406
2017 10,589,526 114,405 111,443 2,962 10.8 10.5 0.3 2.3 1.69 28,273 19,415
2018 10,626,430 114,036 112,920 1,116 10.7 10.6 0.1 3.5 1.71 38,629 18,298
2019 10,669,324 112,231 112,362 -131 10.5 10.5 -0.0 4.0 1.71 44,270 17,751
2020 10,700,155 110,200 129,289 -19,089 10.3 12.1 -1.8 2.9 1.71 26,927 16,886
2021 10,500,850 111,793 139,891 -28,098 10.6 13.3 -2.7 -19.0 1.83 49,969 15,492
2022 10,759,525 101,299 120,219 -18,920 9.5 11.4 -1.8 24.0 1.64 329,742 16,438
2023 10,878,042 91,149 112,795 -21,646 8.4 10.4 -2.0 11.0 1.46 94,672 15,088
2024 10,879,069

Total fertility rates by region

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2023
Region TFR
  Vysočina Region 1.57
  Olomouc Region 1.54
  Zlín Region 1.54
  Pardubice Region 1.52
  Hradec Králové Region 1.51
  Central Bohemian Region 1.49
  South Bohemian Region 1.48
  South Moravian Region 1.48
  Moravian-Silesian Region 1.46
  Czech Republic 1.46
  Ústí nad Labem Region 1.43
  Liberec Region 1.42
  Plzeň Region 1.40
  Karlovy Vary Region 1.32
  Prague 1.31

Current vital statistics

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[15]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January – June 2023 46,077 56,997 -10,920
January – June 2024 41,574 55,503 -13,929
Difference   -4,503 (-9.77%)   -1,494 (-2.62%)   -3,009
  • Deaths from January - September 2021 =   103,164
  • Deaths from January - September 2022 =   88,324
  • Deaths from January - September 2023 =   82,868
  • Deaths from January - September 2024 =   81,564 [16]

Structure of the population

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Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2011): [17]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 168 799 5 363 971 10 532 770 100
0–4 296 944 282 591 579 535 5.50
5–9 249 218 235 846 485 064 4.61
10–14 233 025 220 518 453 543 4.31
15–19 298 949 283 701 582 650 5.53
20–24 355 493 336 516 692 009 6.57
25–29 386 426 360 070 746 496 7.09
30–34 461 410 434 976 896 386 8.51
35–39 456 642 432 290 888 932 8.44
40–44 361 605 343 287 704 892 6.69
45–49 354 342 342 339 696 681 6.61
50–54 336 194 336 351 672 545 6.39
55–59 367 638 386 703 754 341 7.16
60–64 352 692 391 178 743 870 7.06
65–69 249 700 302 420 552 120 5.24
70–74 163 508 220 319 383 827 3.64
75–79 122 317 191 050 313 367 2.98
80–84 79 882 152 084 231 966 2.20
85–89 34 877 86 898 121 775 1.16
90–94 6 453 19 431 25 884 0.25
95–99 1 277 4 727 6 004 0.06
100+ 207 676 883 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 779 187 738 955 1 518 142 14.41
15–64 3 731 391 3 647 411 7 378 802 70.06
65+ 658 221 977 605 1 635 826 15.53
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021): [17]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 275 103 5 426 674 10 701 777 100
0–4 290 444 276 818 567 262 5.30
5–9 285 498 271 459 556 957 5.20
10–14 304 995 290 527 595 522 5.56
15–19 252 007 238 443 490 450 4.58
20–24 245 786 232 124 477 910 4.47
25–29 320 181 300 744 620 925 5.80
30–34 370 523 348 408 718 931 6.72
35–39 389 652 363 658 753 310 7.04
40–44 460 462 432 859 893 321 8.35
45–49 452 969 429 617 882 586 8.25
50–54 352 166 338 917 691 083 6.46
55–59 336 205 333 528 669 733 6.26
60–64 304 764 320 701 625 465 5.84
65-69 313 014 359 404 672 418 6.28
70-74 274 177 347 000 621 177 5.80
75-79 170 104 247 097 417 201 3.90
80-84 90 188 153 949 244 137 2.28
85-89 44 759 93 731 138 490 1.29
90-94 14 784 39 027 53 811 0.50
95-99 2 177 8 066 10 243 0.10
100-104 221 530 751 0.01
105-109 27 67 94 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 880 937 838 804 1 719 741 16.07
15–64 3 484 715 3 338 999 6 823 714 63.76
65+ 909 451 1 248 871 2 158 322 20.17

Education

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Literacy

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definition: NA

total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2011 est.)

Employment and income

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Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

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Total: 8%. Country comparison to the world: 155th
Male: 7.2%
Female: 9.2% (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

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The majority of the 10.5 million inhabitants of the Czech Republic are ethnically and linguistically Czech (95%). They are descendants of Slavic people from the Black Sea-Carpathian region who settled in Bohemia, Moravia and parts of present-day Austria in the 6th century AD. Other ethnic groups include Germans, Romani people, Poles, and Hungarians. Historical minorities like Germans and Poles are declining due to assimilation. There is also a growing community from Vietnam. Other ethnic communities like Greeks, Turks, Italians, and Yugoslavs are found in Prague. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Slovaks living in the Czech Republic have comprised roughly 3% of the population.

There are different groups of national and ethnic minorities in the Czech Republic. The only "old minority" is Poles in the Trans-Olza region, while the "new minorities" are scattered among the majority population (generally in the larger towns). While some of the minorities have the whole social structure of Czech society[clarification needed] (Poles, Slovaks, Greeks and Ukrainians), other represent only some of the social groups (i.e. Russian newcomers of middle class, and Romani people who generally represent the underclass).[18]

1880–1910

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Population of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia by language[19]
Language 1880 1890 1900 1910
Czech 62.5% 62.4% 62.4% 62.9%
German 35.8% 35.6% 35.1% 34.6%
Polish 1.0% 1.2% 1.6% 1.6%
Other 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9%
Total population 8,222,013 8,665,421 9,372,140 10,078,637

After World War I

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Population of the Czech Republic according to ethnic group 1921–2011
Ethnic
group 		census 1921 1 census 1930 census 1950 census 1961 census 1970 census 1980 census 1991 census 2001 census 2011[20] census 2021
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Czechs 6,758,983 67.5 7,304,588 68.3 8,343,558 93.9 9,023,501 94.2 9,270,617 94.4 9,733,925 94.6 8,363,768 81.2 9,249,777 90.5 6,732,104 63.7 6,415,104 61.0
Moravians 1,362,313 13.2 380,474 3.7 522,474 4.9 556,641 5.3
Silesians 44,446 0.4 10,878 0.1 12,231 0.1 31,301 0.3
Slovaks 15,732 0.2 44,451 0.4 258,025 2.9 275,997 2.9 320,998 3.3 359,370 3.5 314,877 3.1 193,190 1.9 149,140 1.4 162,578 1.5
Poles 103,521 1.0 92,689 0.9 70,816 0.8 66,540 0.7 64,074 0.7 66,123 0.6 59,383 0.6 51,968 0.5 39,269 0.4 38,218 0.4
Germans 3,061,369 30.6 3,149,820 29.5 159,938 1.8 134,143 1.4 80,903 0.8 58,211 0.6 48,556 0.5 39,106 0.4 18,772 0.3 24,632 0.2
Ukrainians 13,343 0.1 22,657 0.2 19,384 0.2 19,549 0.2 9,794 0.1 10,271 0.1 8,220 0.1 22,112 0.2 53,603 0.5 92,892 0.9
Rusyns 1,926 0.0 1,106 0.0 739 0.0
Russians 6,619 0.1 5,051 0.0 5,062 0.0 12,369 0.1 18,021 0.2 34,506 0.3
Vietnamese 421 0.0 17,462 0.2 29,825 0.3 38,723 0.4
Hungarians 7,049 0.1 11,427 0.1 13,201 0.1 15,152 0.2 18,472 0.2 19,676 0.2 19,932 0.2 14,672 0.1 9,049 0.1
Romani people[21] 227 0.0 19,770 0.2 19,392 0.2 32,903 0.3 11,746 0.1 5,199 0.0 21,691 0.2
Jews 35,699 0.4 37,093 0.4 218 0.0 521 0.0
Yugoslavs 4,749 0.0 3,957 0.0 3,386 0.0
Romanians 966 0.0 3,205 0.0 1,034 0.0 1,238 0.0 1,921 0.0
Others/undeclared 10,038 0.1 5,719 0.1 11,441 0.1 10,095 0.1 36,220 0.4 39,300 0.4 39,129 0.4 220,660 2.6 2,739,4881 26.0
Total 10,005,734 10,674,386 8,896,133 9,571,531 9,807,697 10,291,927 10,302,215 10,230,060 10,436,560 10,524,167
1 On the territory of the census date.

1 In 2011 a large part of the population did not claim any ethnicity, before the census it was widely mediatized that the question is not mandatory. The vast majority of those who did so are presumed to be ethnic Czechs, number of whom dropped by roughly the same amount that the number of undeclared people rose, circa 2.5 million.

  •  
    Czechs in 1991
  •  
    Czechs in 2001
  •  
    Czechs in 2011

The legal position of the minorities is defined foremost in the Act No. 273/2001 Coll. (The Rights of the Minorities Act) which implements the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Recommendation of the Council of Europe No. 1201. There is a number of other enactments which to lesser extent deal with the minorities.

A special situation applies in the case of Moravians and Silesians, who are frequently allocated within the group of Czechs when it comes to the statistical data.

Officially recognized minorities

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Main articles: Bulgarians in Czechoslovakia, Croats in the Czech Republic, Germans in the Czech Republic, Greeks in the Czech Republic, Polish minority in the Czech Republic, Roma in the Czech Republic, Ukrainians in the Czech Republic, and Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic

Minorities, which "traditionally and on a long term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic" enjoy some privileges. As of 2022 there are 14 such officially recognized minorities, which are (alphabetically): Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romani people, Russians, Rusyns, Serbians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Vietnamese.[22]

Citizens belonging to the officially recognized minorities enjoy the right to "use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law". Article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms provides the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) provides that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency does not have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in the courts of law) the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.

Bulgarians

Main article: Bulgarians in Czechoslovakia

The economic migration of Bulgarians to the Czech Republic began in the 1990s. 4,363 citizens claimed to have Bulgarian nationality in the 2001 census. They mostly live in the large cities and towns, such as Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Děčín, and Havířov. Nowadays the newcomers from Bulgaria aim for these areas in particular, where they can join an already established community. Many of these economic immigrants have dual citizenship of both the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. However most of the recent immigrants still only have Bulgarian citizenship.

The Bulgarian Cultural Organisation publishes the magazine Roden Glas, while a folklore organisation Kytka promotes traditional Bulgarian dances. Among other organisations are Pirin, Zaedno, Vazraždane and Hyshove.[23]

As an officially recognized minority the Bulgarian citizens of the Czech Republic enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in the courts of law. They also enjoy a number of other rights connected to the status of recognized minority, e.g. the right to education in their own language: the first Bulgarian school in the current Czech Republic was established in 1946 in Prague.

Germans

Main article: Germans in the Czech Republic
 
Czech districts with 50% or more ethnic German population[24] in 1935

The German minority of the Czech Republic, historically the largest minority of the country, was almost entirely removed when 3 million were forcibly expelled in 1945–6 on the basis of the Potsdam agreement. The constitution guarantees rights for minority languages, however there are 13 municipalities with German minority constituting 10% of population, which qualifies for such provisions.[25] There is no bilingual education system in Western and Northern Bohemia, where the German minority is mostly concentrated. However, this is in large part due to the absence of German-speaking youth, a heritage of the post-war policy of the Communist government.

According to the 2001 census there remain 13 municipalities and settlements in the Czech Republic with more than 10% Germans.[25]

Many[citation needed] representatives of expellees' organizations support the erection of bilingual signs in all formerly German-speaking territory as a visible sign of the bilingual linguistic and cultural heritage of the region, but their efforts are not supported by some of the current inhabitants, as the vast majority of the current population is not of German descent.

The German-Czech Declaration of 21 January 1997 covered the two most critical issues—the role of some Sudeten Germans in the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and their expulsion after World War II.[26]

Greeks

Main article: Greeks in the Czech Republic

Another influential minority are Greeks. Large numbers of Greeks arrived in Czechoslovakia during the end of the Greek Civil War. The first transports of Greek children arrived in 1948 and 1949. Later, more transports, also including adults, arrived.[27] They were partly leftists, communists and guerillas with their relatives, hence the willingness of Czechoslovak government to allow the immigration.[28] This was viewed rather as a temporary solution. After the defeat of DSE and other left-wing guerillas, the Greeks stayed in Czechoslovakia. In total more than 12,000 Greeks immigrated to Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1950.[28] Today, there are about 7000 Greeks in the country (3219 according to 2001 census data),[28] mostly in the 3 biggest towns – Prague, Brno, Ostrava – and also in Bohumín, Havířov, Jeseník, Karviná, Krnov, Šumperk, Třinec, Vrbno pod Pradědem and Žamberk (apart from the last one these towns are in Silesia).[29]

Poles

Main article: Polish minority in the Czech Republic

The most concentrated linguistic minority in the Czech Republic are ethnic Poles, historically the plurality, today constituting about 10% of the population of Karviná and Frýdek-Místek districts. Poles have the right to use their language in official dealings; the public media (Czech TV and Czech Radio) regularly broadcast in Polish; and there are many Polish primary and secondary schools in the area. The Polish minority has been decreasing substantially since World War II as education in Polish was difficult to obtain, while Czech authorities did not permit bilingual signs to maintain Polish awareness among the population.

The erection of bilingual signs has technically been permitted since 2001, if a minority constitutes 10% of the population of a municipality. The requirement that a petition be signed by the members of minority was cancelled, thus simplifying the whole process.[30] Still, only a couple of villages with large Polish minorities have bilingual signs (Vendryně/Wędrynia for instance).

Romanis

Main article: Romani people in the Czech Republic

Another minority is the Roma, who nonetheless have very little influence on Czech policy. Around 90% of the Roma that lived in the Czech Republic prior to World War II were exterminated by the Nazi Porajmos. The Roma there now are 80% post-war immigrants from Slovakia or Hungary, or the descendants thereof. In total, the Roma in the CR now number around 200,000.[31] There is Romani press in the CR, written in both Czech and Romani, but Romani radio is broadcast in Czech and there is no Romani television. Romani is also absent from legislative, judiciary, and other political texts but it has recently entered some university and elementary school courses. Life expectancy, literacy, median wage, school enrolment, and other socio-economic markers remain low while Roma compose the majority of prison and habitual offender populations despite accounting for only a fraction of a percent of Czech population.[32]

Immigration

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Foreign population in the Czech Republic in 2020

According to the Czech Statistical Office as of 31 December 2020 there were 632,570 legal foreign residents in the Czech Republic (5.1% of the total population).[33] Residents from Ukraine are the largest group (165,356), followed by residents of Slovakia (124,544). There are also Asian immigrant communities in the Czech Republic. The largest is the Vietnamese one (62,842) followed by the Mongolians (10,135) and the Chinese (7,940). During the communist era the governments of Czechoslovakia and Vietnam had a deal concerning the education of Vietnamese people in Czechoslovakia. Vietnamese people came to Czechoslovakia for the first time in 1956 and then the number of new migrants grew until the fall of communism. First generation Vietnamese work mostly as small-scale businessmen in markets. Still, many Vietnamese are without Czech citizenship. One of the towns with the largest Vietnamese communities is Cheb. Other large immigrant groups come from Russia (41,692), Poland (20,733), Germany (20,861), Bulgaria (17,917) and Romania (18,396).

Czech Republic Net migration data

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Year Net Migration
2002 12,290
2003 25,789
2004 18,635
2005 36,229
2006 34,720
2007 83,945
2008 86,412
2009 28,344
2010 15,648
2011 16,889
2012 10,293
2013 -1,297
2014 21,661
2015 15,977
2016 20,064
2017 28,273
2018 38,629
2019 44,270
2020 26,927
2021 49,969
2022 329,742
2023 94,672
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Countries with at least 1,000 people, immigrating each year.[34][35]
Country 2016 2017 2018
  Ukraine 5,778 10,340 16,747
  Slovakia 6,706 6,328 6,671
  Russia 2,404 2,891 3,388
  Vietnam 1,752 2,196 2,264
  Romania 1,648 1,829 2,184
  Bulgaria 1,331 1,620 1,977
  Mongolia 709 1,165 1,498
  Hungary 911 1,238 1,330
  Belarus 421 657 1,145
  China 551 823 1,123
  United States 1,063 1,073 1,101
  Serbia 230 414 1,041
Total 37,503 45,957 58,148

Foreign-born population

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Largest groups of foreign residents
Nationality Population
(31 December 2023)[36]
  Ukraine 574,447
   Slovakia 119,182
  Vietnam 67,783
  Russia 40,990
   Romania 20,469
   Bulgaria 17,907
   Poland 17,837
   Germany 12,719
  Mongolia 12,664
   Hungary 11,117
  United States 10,132
  Kazakhstan 9,798
  India 9,553
  China 8,813
  United Kingdom 7,905
  Belarus 7,726
  Moldova 7,662
  Philippines 7,026
   Italy 6,125
  Serbia 5,993
  Turkey 5,340
   France 4,120
  Uzbekistan 3,448
   Croatia 3,252
  South Korea 2,915
  North Macedonia 2,816
See also

Languages

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The most commonly known foreign languages in the Czech Republic in 2005. According to Eurostat[37]

The Czech language (divided into three dialects in Bohemia, four dialects in Moravia, and two dialects in Czech Silesia) is the official language of the state. There is also the transitional Cieszyn Silesian dialect as well as the Polish language in Cieszyn Silesia, both spoken in Czech Silesia. Various Sudeten German dialects are currently practically extinct: present Czech Germans speak mainly Czech and/or Standard German. Czech Sign Language is the language of most of the deaf community.

For other languages spoken in the Czech Republic, see the above section on officially recognised minorities.

Religion

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Main article: Religion in the Czech Republic
 
Religious structure in 1991, 2001 and 2011.
Religious affiliations in the Czech Republic, census 1991–2011[38][39][40][41]
1991 2001 2011 2021 p
number % number % number % number %
Roman Catholic Church 4,021,385 39.0 2,740,780 26.8 1,082,463 10.4 741,019 7.0
Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren 203,996 2.0 117,212 1.1 51,858 0.5 32,577 0.3
Czechoslovak Hussite Church 178,036 1.7 99,103 1.0 39,229 0.4 23,610 0.2
Believers identified with another specific religion 120,317 1.7 330,993 3.2 290,034 2.8 577,079 5.5
Believers not identified with any specific religion 705,368 6.8 960,201 9.1
No religion 4,112,864 39.9 6,039,991 59.0 3,612,804 34.2 5,024,416 47.7
No response, unknown 1,665,617 16.2 901,981 8.8 4,774,323 45.2 3,167,774 30.1
Total population 10,302,215 10,230,060 10,436,560 10,524,167

The 2021 census did not contain list of religious organisations and they had to be written by the respondent (unlike in the previous ones). Therefore another 231 thousand people responded with catholicism or similar response, 71 thousand people identified simply with Christianity and 27 thousand people claimed to be protestants or evangelicals. Moreover, after doubling their followers the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia was the 2nd strongest church in 2021 census with 40,681 faithful.

Almost half (45.2%) of the Czech population prefer not to respond to religious questions in the Census. Others claim to have no religion or that they are without religious affiliation (34.2%). In comparison, one in every five claims to have some personal belief (20.6%).

The largest denominations are Roman Catholicism, estimated at 10.3% of the population, Protestant (0.5%), Hussites (0.4%). Other organized religions, including non-organized believers, totalled about (9.4%) (as of Census 2011).

According to the Eurobarometer Poll 2005,[42] 19% of Czech citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 30% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force"; the percentage of believers is thus the lowest of EU countries after Estonia with 16%.[43]

See also

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  • Husák's Children  – A generation of people born in Czechoslovakia during the baby boom which started in the early 1970s

Notes

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  1. ^ In 2011 a large part of the population did not claim any ethnicity, before the census it was widely mediatized that the question is not mandatory. The vast majority of those who did so are presumed to be ethnic Czechs, number of whom dropped by roughly the same amount that the number of undeclared people rose, circa 2.5 million. If the percentage of those who did not answer the question is added to the total percentage Czech amount, the total percentage of Czech's is estimated to be 89.7% of the population.

References

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  1. ^ "Population of Municipalities - as at 1 January 2024". Population of Municipalities - as at 1 January 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "EUROPE :: CZECHIA". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b c "Population: demographic situation, languages and religions". eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Zaostřeno na ženy a muže – 2019". CZSO.cz. Czech Statistical Office.
  5. ^ Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
  6. ^ "Czech Demographic Handbook – 2022: Tables 1-3, 1-12". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  7. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  8. ^ "Total fertility rate by NUTS 3 region". Eurostat.
  9. ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2021". Czech Statistical Office. 30 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Czech Demographic Handbook – 2022: Tables 1-4, 1-5". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Data and time series". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  12. ^ Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation
  13. ^ "Czech Statistical Office – Population". Czech Statistical Office.
  14. ^ "Czech Statistical Office – Population". Czech Statistical Office.
  15. ^ "Preliminary data - population and population change". Population change - News Releases.
  16. ^ "Number of deaths - weekly and monthly time series". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  17. ^ a b "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Postavení národnostních menšin" (in Czech). Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  19. ^ [1] Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Tab. 614a Obyvatelstvo podle věku, národnosti a pohlaví" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  21. ^ In census people can leave the "nationality" field empty and they can also write down any nationality or ethnicity they want. Most Romani people fill in the Czech nationality. Thus, the real number of Romani people in the country is estimated to be around 220,000. Petr Lhotka: Romové v České republice po roce 1989 Archived 20 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Government Council for National Minorities". Government of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Bulharská národnostní menšina" (in Czech). Vlada.cz. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  24. ^ Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká. Prague. 1934.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé II. Země moravskoslezská. Prague. 1935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ a b Peter Josika: Mehrsprachig: Ein Faktor der Versöhnung at Prager Zeitung, 21 August 2007.
  26. ^ Wolff, Stefan (2000). German minorities in Europe: ethnic identity and cultural belonging. Berghahn Books. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-57181-504-0.
  27. ^ "Greeks in Czech Country". Dialogos-kpr.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  28. ^ a b c [2] Archived 11 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Vangelis Liolios. "Podkladové materiály pro Radu vlády pro národnostní menšiny o situaci řecké menšiny v České republice" (PDF) (in Czech). Dialogs-kpr.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  30. ^ "Aktualności". www.polonica.cz. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  31. ^ "European Commission – Languages eac". Ec.europa.eu. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  32. ^ Říčan, Pavel (1998). S Romy žít budeme – jde o to jak: dějiny, současná situace, kořeny problémů, naděje společné budoucnosti (in Czech). Prague: Portál. ISBN 978-80-7178-250-6.
  33. ^ "R01Foreigners in the CR in the years 2004–2020 (as at 31 December)" (in Czech).
  34. ^ "Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic – 2018" CZSO
  35. ^ "Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic – 2019" CZSO
  36. ^ "Data on number of foreigners: R04 Foreigners in the Czech Republic by citizenship in the years 1994–2022 (as at 31 December)". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Europeans and their Languages" (PDF). Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  38. ^ "Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses" (PDF) (in Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  39. ^ "Scitani lidu, domu a bytu 2001". Czso.cz. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  40. ^ "Tab 7.1 Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups" (PDF) (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  41. ^ "Tab 7.2 Population by religious belief and by regions" (PDF) (in Czech). Czso.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  42. ^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
  43. ^ "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
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