Deportations of the Ingrian Finns were a series of mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population by Soviet authorities. Deportations took place from the late 1920s to the end of World War II. They were part of the genocide of the Ingrian Finns. Approximately over 100,000 Ingrian Finns were deported in the 1930s and 1940s.[1]
Background
editLutheran Finns had lived in Ingria for over 400 years, since the period of Swedish rule. They had immigrated there from Finland and the Karelian Isthmus and eventually started referring to themselves as Ingrian Finns.[2][3] In 1919 the population of the Ingrian Finns was 132,000 in Ingria and an additional 10,000 in Petrograd. The Finnish-Soviet peace treaty of 1920 had granted Ingrian Finns a degree of national autonomy. A national district was formed in 1928 and Finnish was used in schools, radio and administration.[4]
Deportations
editSoviet repression of the Ingrian Finns started at the same time as the forced collectivization in the Soviet Union in 1928. Between 1929 and 1931 Soviet authorities deported 18,000 people from areas near the Finnish border, consisting of up to 16% of the total Ingrian Finnish population. All remaining Finns in four border parishes were deported in 1936 and replaced with Russians. In 1937 all Finnish-language schools, publications, broadcasts, and Ingrian Lutheran churches were closed down.[4] During the 1937–1938 Finnish Operation of the NKVD, 4,000 Ingrian Finns were shot and over 10,000 deported to prison camps.[5] By 1939 the Ingrian Finnish population had decreased to about 115,000,[6] which was about 10% reduction compared to the 1926 population figures[7] and the Ingrian Finn national district was abolished.[2]
Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Leningrad Blockade, in early 1942 all 20,000 Ingrian Finns remaining in Soviet-controlled territory were deported to Siberia. Most of the Ingrian Finns living in German-occupied territory were evacuated to Finland in 1943–1944. After Finland sued for peace, it was forced to return the evacuees.[4] Soviet authorities did not allow the 55,733 people who had been handed over to settle back in Ingria, and instead deported them to central regions of Russia.[4][8] The main regions of Ingrian Finns forced settlement were the interior areas of Siberia, Central Russia, and Tajikistan.[9]
Aftermath
editThe deportations led to the rapid ethnic assimilation of Ingrian Finns. After 1956, return to Ingria was officially allowed but made unfeasible in practice; as a result, many settled in the nearby Finnic regions of Estonia and Karelia. In 1989 there were 18,000 Finns in Ingria and Leningrad, and a total of 67,813 in the Soviet Union, with only 34.7 percent declaring Finnish as their main language. Ingrian and other Finns were not differentiated in the official census. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, attempts began to revive Ingrian Finnish cultural life in Ingria, but at the same time, many of them moved to Finland.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Reuter (2023)
- ^ a b Taagepera (2013), p. 143
- ^ Adler, Leydesdorff, Chamberlain, and Neyzi (2011), p. 61
- ^ a b c d e Taagepera (2013), p. 144
- ^ Adler, Leydesdorff, Chamberlain, and Neyzi (2011), p. 62
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России" [All-Union census 1939. Ethnic composition of the population by Russian region]. www.demoscope.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР" [All-Union census 1926. Ethnic composition of the population by RSFSR region]. www.demoscope.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ Scott and Liikanen (2013), pp. 59–60
- ^ Evmenov and Muslimov (2010), p. 92
Bibliography
edit- Adler, Nanci Dale; Leydesdorff, Selma; Chamberlain, Mary; Neyzi, Leyla (2011). Memories of Mass Repression: Narrating Life Stories in the Aftermath of Atrocity. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412812047.
- Evmenov, Dmitri; Muslimov, Mehmet (2010). "Atlas of Ingrian Finnish dialects: making the most of our data". Proceedings of Methods XIII: Papers from the Thirteenth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, 2008. Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631612408.
- Reuter, Anni (2023). Inkerinsuomalaisten karkotus, hajaannus ja vastarinta Stalinin ajan Neuvostoliitossa aikalaiskirjeiden ja muistitiedon valossa. University of Helsinki.Deportations, Diaspora and Resistance during Stalin's Time in the Letters and Oral Histories of Ingrian Finns. Dissertation.
- Scott, James Wesley; Liikanen, Ilkka (2013). European Neighbourhood Through Civil Society Networks?: Policies, Practices and Perceptions. Routledge. ISBN 9781317983453.
- Taagepera, Rein (2013). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136678080.