The genocide of the Ingrian Finns (Finnish: Inkeriläisten kansanmurha) was a series of events triggered by the Russian Revolution in the 20th century, in which the Soviet Union deported, imprisoned and killed Ingrians and destroyed their culture.[3] In the process, Ingria, in the historical sense of the word, ceased to exist.[4] Before the persecution there were 140,000 to 160,000 Ingrians[5][6] in Russia and today approximately 19,000 (including several thousand repatriated since 1990.[7])
| Genocide of the Ingrian Finns | |
|---|---|
| Part of the population transfer in the Soviet Union and the Great Purge | |
 Ingria and Karelia Isthmus in 1740s | |
| Location | Ingria |
| Date | 1920s–1930s |
| Target | Ingrian Finns |
Attack type | Mass murder, persecution, ethnic cleansing, deportation |
| Deaths | 18,800[1] |
| Victims | 60,000 to 105,000 victims of deportation and imprisonment[2][1] |
| Perpetrators |  Soviet Union |
| Motive | Anti-Finnish sentiment, Sovietization, Russification |
From 1935 onwards, the genocide manifested itself in deportations of entire Ingrian villages, mass arrests and executions, especially in 1937 and 1938 associated with the Great Purge. The reason for the genocide was the skeptical attitude of the Soviet Union towards the Ingrian people due to their close cultural and historical relations with Finland. At the same time, many other ethnic groups and minorities were also persecuted.[3]
The destruction process targeted at Ingrian Finns was centrally managed and considered. Russian legislation in the 1990s refers to it as genocide. The aim was, in particular, to assassinate the male population. Tens of thousands of Ingrians died due to deportations and in labor camps.[8]
Background
editThe Ingrian Finns were mainly independent small farmers in the 1920s and still in the early 1930s with relatively high literacy. They were predominantly Lutheran. Ingria was located in the vicinity of Leningrad, where they formed the second largest ethnic group after Russians in the 1930s. Ingrians were targeted from 1930 onwards. Red refugees who lost the Finnish Civil War took charge in the area. They forced propaganda for collectivization of the agriculture, reported the priests, helped arrest people and harassed Ingrian Finns and "Kulaks".[3]
In addition to independent farmers, the Soviet regime attacked educated people, such as teachers, as well as religious leadership throughout the Soviet Union. Ingrian Lutheran Church workers were imprisoned, sent to forced labor, deported, and executed. Ingrian churches were converted into clubs and warehouses. Teaching in Finnish was banned in schools in 1937. Ingrian village councils, cultural institutions and magazines were abolished. Ingrian Finns were terrorized and coerced in ways that would now be described by the terms “genocide” and “ethnic cleansing”.[3]
In 1926, the number of Ingrians was estimated to be at 115,000. In the period of 1929–1931, 18,000, in 1935 about 7,000 and in 1935–1936, a total of 26,000–27,000 persons were deported. The deported people ended up in working camps and their mortality was high. The deportations were carried out in a hurry and the housing, food and health care of the targeted people were severely deficient.[9] Between 1929 and 1938, a total of 60,000 Ingrians, half of the Ingrian population, were imprisoned and deported.[2]
Aftermath
editDuring World War II, the Ingrian people were once again forcibly deported from their homeland for ethnic reasons, and even after the war they were prevented from returning to their homeland until 1954. The Ingrian people deported to Siberia were placed in prison camps. The Soviet Union was silent about the Ingrians and they did not officially exist. It was not until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990 that Russia sought to improve their situation with new legislation.[8]
By 1970, the Ingrian Finn population decreased by 50,000 people, a 43% decline from the 1928 population, which political scientist Rein Taagepera described as a "clear case of genocide".[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b D.M. Ediev (2004). "Demograficheskie poteri deportirovannykh narodov SSSR". Stavropol: Polit.ru. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ a b "Historia ja kulttuuri". Inkeri (in Finnish). 28 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d Reuter, Anni (2019). "Neuvostovaltaa vastaan – Inkerinsuomalaisten hiljaista vastarintaa 1930-luvulla" (PDF). Tampere University Press: 131–162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Kaisalmi, Ahti (2018). ""Neuvostoliitosta suuntautuvasta paluumuutosta ei tarvitse mitään etukäteisselvityksiä" – Inkeriläisten paluumuuton käynnistymisen motiivit ja toteutus ulkoasiainministeriössä vuosina 1990–1991" (PDF). Pro Gradu, Department of Philosophy, Contemporary History and Political Science. University of Turku. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "Inkeriläiset – unohdetut suomalaiset" (PDF). The National Museum of Finland. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Inkeri.ee. "Inkerinmaan historiaa". Inkeri (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "Репатриация ингерманландцев во многом изменила Финляндию". Новости. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Dokumentti Inkerinsuomalaisten kansanmurhasta" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Reuter, Anni (2020). ""Kansaamme pirstotaan" Inkerinsuomalaisten karkotukset ja diaspora Neuvostoliitossa 1930-luvun kirjeissä kuvattuna". Historiallinen Aikakusikirja. March 2020.
- ^ Taagepera 2013, p. 115.
Books
edit- Taagepera, Rein (2013). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136678080. LCCN 00269170.